Protective Effect of Flaxseed Oil on Diazinon-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats in Sub-Chronic Exposure
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Abstract
Background: Diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate insecticide, exerts various adverse effects on human organs. In this study, we investigated the potential cardiotoxic effects of flaxseed oil (FS oil) on oxidative stress caused by DZN in the heart tissue of rats.
Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into five groups: a control group receiving normal saline, an FS oil group administered 200 mg/kg/d of FS oil, a DZN group treated with 70 mg/kg/d of DZN, and two co-treatment groups receiving DZN alongside FS oil at 100 and 200 mg/kg/d. We assessed oxidative stress biomarkers in heart tissue, including malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total thiol content. Heart tissue morphology was analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining.
Results: DZN significantly increased the levels of malondialdehyde (12.04±1.16) and total oxidant status (0.43±0.01) and also decreased the content of catalase (23.09±1.99), superoxide dismutase (5.52±0.61), and total thiol content (6.31±0.77) in heart tissue. FS-oil + DZN decreased malondialdehyde (10.88±0.31) and total oxidant status (0.41±0.01) and also increased the content of catalase (29.34±1.77), superoxide dismutase (6.64±0.21), and total thiol content (8.20±0.15) in heart tissue. FS oil supplement consumption reversed oxidative stress status in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, FS oil ameliorated heart histopathological alterations induced by DZN.
Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that DZN induced heart toxicity and that FS oil had protective effects. Additionally, FS oil supplementation conferred protective effects on the heart against toxicity induced by DZN.
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5. El-Sharaky A, Newairy A, Eweda S, Kamel M. Bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: the protective effect of flaxseed. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 2012;94:1000-1013.
6. Hendawi MY, Alam RT, Abdellatief SA. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016;23:11855-11863.
7. Lee P, Prasad K. Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2003;8:227-235.
8. Newairy AS, Abdou HM. Protective role of flax lignans against lead acetate induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:813-818.
9. Wang Y, Li D, Wang LJ, Chiu YL, Chen XD, Mao ZH, et al. Optimization of extrusion of flaxseeds for in vitro protein digestibility analysis using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering [Internet] 2008;85:59-64.
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12. Kamali M, Johari H, Hami J. Protective Effect of Flax Seed on Brain Teratogenicity Induced by Lamotrigine in Rat Fetuses. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2020;62:372-377.
13. Makhdoomi S, Mahboobian MM, Haddadi R, Komaki A, Mohammadi M. Silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) ameliorated cognitive deficits and oxidative damages in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in male mice. Toxicology 2022;477:153260.
14. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248-254.
15. Ranjbar A, Mohsenzadeh F, Chehregani A, Khajavi F, Zijoud SM, Ghasemi H. Ameliorative effect of Matricaria chamomilla .L on paraquat: Induced oxidative damage in lung rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2014;6:199-203.
16. Hosseini A, Rasaie D, Soleymani Asl S, Nili Ahmadabadi A, Ranjbar A. Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against lung injury induced by sub-acute exposure to paraquat in rats. Toxin Reviews 2019;40:1233-1241.
17. Chen JL, Dai L, Zhang P, Chen W, Cai GS, Qi XW, Hu MZ, Du B, Pang QF. Methylene blue attenuates acute liver injury induced by paraquat in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015;28:808-812.
18. Shah MD, Iqbal M. Diazinon-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:3345-3353.
19. Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:2803-2808.
20. Sams C, Cocker J, Lennard MS. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon by human liver microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYP). Xenobiotica 2004;34:861–873.
21. Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008;24:151-158.
22. Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free Radic Res 2014;48:623-640.
23. Yang W, Liu W, Yu W, Fei D, Meng X, Yang S, Meng S, Zhao M. Angptl2 deficiency attenuates paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury in mice by altering inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis through NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018;503:94-101.
24. Youness ER, Agha FE, El-Toukhy SE, El-Naggar SM, Selim AA, Ibrahim AM. The protective effect of orange juice on glyphosate toxicity in adult male mice. J Chem Pharm Res 2016;8:13-28.
25. Cavuşoğlu K, Yapar K, Oruç E, Yalçın E. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against glyphosate toxicity in Swiss albino mice. J Med Food 2011;14:1263-1272.
26. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2013;203:547-555.
27. Chavan T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, Ranjekar P, Kulkarni O, Kuvalekar A. Hepatoprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against repeated subacute acetaminophen dosing in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013;4:286-295.
28. El-Shenawy NS, El-Salmy F, Al-Eisa RA, El-Ahmary B. Amelioratory effect of vitamin E on organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced oxidative stress in mice liver. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2010;96:101-107.
29. Messarah M, Amamra W, Boumendjel A, Barkat L, Bouasla I, Abdennour C, Boulakoud MS, Feki AE. Ameliorating effects of curcumin and vitamin E on diazinon-induced oxidative damage in rat liver and erythrocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2013;29:77-88.
30. Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20:689-709.
31. Ghiasian M, Khamisabadi F, Kheiripour N, Karami M, Haddadi R, Ghaleiha A, Taghvaei B, Oliaie SS, Salehi M, Samadi P, Ranjbar A. Effects of crocin in reducing DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019;33:e22410.
32. Bhatia AL, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL. Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res 2007;21:852-859.
33. Naqshbandi A, Khan W, Rizwan S, Khan F. Studies on the protective effect of flaxseed oil on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:364-375.
34. Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, Deng Q, Yao P, Huang F, Liu L. Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:88.
35. Hana RS, Saeed N. Alteration in oxidants, antioxidants and cytokines levels in blood of malathion exposed human and animal groups and the effect of flaxseed oil in alleviating malathion toxic effects. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 2013;1:08-19.
2. Mehri F, Ranjbar A, Shirafkan N, Asl SS, Esfahani M. The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon-induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022;36:e23063.
3. Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. Toxin Reviews 2021;42:40-50.
4. Shahper L, Farzana F, Muneer MQ, Hassan S, Hashim R, Ilyas M. Effects of whole-ground flax seeds versus flax oil for pesticide residues-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Khyber Medical University Journal 2020;12:86-94.
5. El-Sharaky A, Newairy A, Eweda S, Kamel M. Bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: the protective effect of flaxseed. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 2012;94:1000-1013.
6. Hendawi MY, Alam RT, Abdellatief SA. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016;23:11855-11863.
7. Lee P, Prasad K. Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2003;8:227-235.
8. Newairy AS, Abdou HM. Protective role of flax lignans against lead acetate induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2009;47:813-818.
9. Wang Y, Li D, Wang LJ, Chiu YL, Chen XD, Mao ZH, et al. Optimization of extrusion of flaxseeds for in vitro protein digestibility analysis using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering [Internet] 2008;85:59-64.
10. Zhang Z-S, Wang L-J, Li D, Jiao S-S, Chen XD, Mao Z-H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed. Separation and Purification Technology 2008;62:192-198.
11. Mehri F, Ranjbar A, Shirafkan N, Asl SS, Esfahani M. The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon-induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022;36:e23063.
12. Kamali M, Johari H, Hami J. Protective Effect of Flax Seed on Brain Teratogenicity Induced by Lamotrigine in Rat Fetuses. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2020;62:372-377.
13. Makhdoomi S, Mahboobian MM, Haddadi R, Komaki A, Mohammadi M. Silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) ameliorated cognitive deficits and oxidative damages in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in male mice. Toxicology 2022;477:153260.
14. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976;72:248-254.
15. Ranjbar A, Mohsenzadeh F, Chehregani A, Khajavi F, Zijoud SM, Ghasemi H. Ameliorative effect of Matricaria chamomilla .L on paraquat: Induced oxidative damage in lung rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2014;6:199-203.
16. Hosseini A, Rasaie D, Soleymani Asl S, Nili Ahmadabadi A, Ranjbar A. Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against lung injury induced by sub-acute exposure to paraquat in rats. Toxin Reviews 2019;40:1233-1241.
17. Chen JL, Dai L, Zhang P, Chen W, Cai GS, Qi XW, Hu MZ, Du B, Pang QF. Methylene blue attenuates acute liver injury induced by paraquat in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015;28:808-812.
18. Shah MD, Iqbal M. Diazinon-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:3345-3353.
19. Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food Chem Toxicol 2010;48:2803-2808.
20. Sams C, Cocker J, Lennard MS. Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon by human liver microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P450s (CYP). Xenobiotica 2004;34:861–873.
21. Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008;24:151-158.
22. Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero AC, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free Radic Res 2014;48:623-640.
23. Yang W, Liu W, Yu W, Fei D, Meng X, Yang S, Meng S, Zhao M. Angptl2 deficiency attenuates paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury in mice by altering inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis through NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018;503:94-101.
24. Youness ER, Agha FE, El-Toukhy SE, El-Naggar SM, Selim AA, Ibrahim AM. The protective effect of orange juice on glyphosate toxicity in adult male mice. J Chem Pharm Res 2016;8:13-28.
25. Cavuşoğlu K, Yapar K, Oruç E, Yalçın E. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against glyphosate toxicity in Swiss albino mice. J Med Food 2011;14:1263-1272.
26. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2013;203:547-555.
27. Chavan T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, Ranjekar P, Kulkarni O, Kuvalekar A. Hepatoprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against repeated subacute acetaminophen dosing in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2013;4:286-295.
28. El-Shenawy NS, El-Salmy F, Al-Eisa RA, El-Ahmary B. Amelioratory effect of vitamin E on organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced oxidative stress in mice liver. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2010;96:101-107.
29. Messarah M, Amamra W, Boumendjel A, Barkat L, Bouasla I, Abdennour C, Boulakoud MS, Feki AE. Ameliorating effects of curcumin and vitamin E on diazinon-induced oxidative damage in rat liver and erythrocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2013;29:77-88.
30. Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021;20:689-709.
31. Ghiasian M, Khamisabadi F, Kheiripour N, Karami M, Haddadi R, Ghaleiha A, Taghvaei B, Oliaie SS, Salehi M, Samadi P, Ranjbar A. Effects of crocin in reducing DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: A double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019;33:e22410.
32. Bhatia AL, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL. Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytother Res 2007;21:852-859.
33. Naqshbandi A, Khan W, Rizwan S, Khan F. Studies on the protective effect of flaxseed oil on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:364-375.
34. Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, Deng Q, Yao P, Huang F, Liu L. Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids Health Dis 2012;11:88.
35. Hana RS, Saeed N. Alteration in oxidants, antioxidants and cytokines levels in blood of malathion exposed human and animal groups and the effect of flaxseed oil in alleviating malathion toxic effects. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience 2013;1:08-19.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 4 (2024): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v19i4.17607 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Diazinon; Flaxseed oil Cardiotoxicity Oxidative stress Rats; sprague-dawley Malondialdehyde Superoxide dismutase Hematoxylin and eosin staining Heart tissue pathology Antioxidants | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ranjbar A, Mehri F, Esfahani M, Shiri E. Protective Effect of Flaxseed Oil on Diazinon-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats in Sub-Chronic Exposure. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2024;19(4):243-249.
