Protective effect of flaxseed oil on diazinon-induced cardiotoxicity in rats in sub-chronic exposure
Protective effects of Flaxseed oil on diazinon toxicity
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate insecticide, used in households and agriculture for several decades, has a variety of adverse effects on different organs of humans. In this study, we studied the possible cardiotoxicity effects of flaxseed oil (FS oil) on Diazinon (DZN) caused oxidative stress in the heart tissue of rats.
Method: Totally thirty male Wistar rats (60-200 g) were allocated into five groups: The control group (received 1 ml normal saline orally), flaxseed oil group (received 200 mg/kg/day FS oil, p.o.), Diazinon group (received 70 mg/kg/day DZN, p.o.), and co-treatment groups (received DZN 70 mg/kg/day plus flaxseed oil at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day). Oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total thiol group (TTG) were investigated in heart tissue. Moreover, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method was used for the evaluation of morphology and pathology of heart tissue.
Results and conclusion: DZN significantly increased the levels of MDA and TOS and also decreased the content of CAT, SOD, and TTG in heart tissue. Flaxseed oil supplement consumption significantly reversed oxidative stress status, so these effects were dose-dependent. Furthermore, FS oil ameliorates heart histopathological alterations induced by DZN. Our findings confirmed DZN-induced heart toxicity and flaxseed oil had protective effects by decreasing oxidative stress markers and improving anti-oxidative status. It was shown that FS oil supplementation has protective effects on the heart against toxicity induced by DZN.
1. Rezaee R, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat M, Mehri F, Khashyarmanesh Z, Moallemzadeh H, Karimi G. Determination of parathion, aldicarb, and thiobencarb in tap water and bottled mineral water in Mashhad, Iran. Drug and chemical toxicology. 2012;35(2):192-8.
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3. Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. Toxin Reviews. 2023;42(1):40-50.
4. Rahbari A, Nazem H, Fazilati M, Mehri F. Protective effect of resveratrol against sub-acute diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. Koomesh. 2021;23(6):794-800.
5. Shahper L, Farzana F, Muneer MQ, Hassan S, Hashim R, Ilyas M. Effects of whole-ground flax seeds versus flax oil for pesticide residues-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Khyber Medical University Journal. 2020;12(2):86-94.
6. El-Sharaky A, Newairy A, Eweda S, Kamel M. Bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: the protective effect of flaxseed. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2012;94(5):1000-13.
7. Hendawi MY, Alam RT, Abdellatief SA. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23:11855-63.
8. Lee P, Prasad K. Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. 2003;8(3):227-35.
9. Newairy A-SA, Abdou HM. Protective role of flax lignans against lead acetate induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2009;47(4):813-8.
10. Wang Y, Li D, Wang L-J, Chiu YL, Chen XD, Mao Z-H, et al. Optimization of extrusion of flaxseeds for in vitro protein digestibility analysis using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering. 2008;85(1):59-64.
11. Zhang Z-S, Wang L-J, Li D, Jiao S-S, Chen XD, Mao Z-H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008;62(1):192-8.
12. Mehri F, Ranjbar A, Shirafkan N, Asl SS, Esfahani M. The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon‐induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2022:e23063.
13. Kamali M, Johari H, Hami J. Protective effect of flax seed on brain teratogenicity induced by lamotrigine in rat fetuses. Folia Medica. 2020;62(2):372-7.
14. Makhdoomi S, Mahboobian MM, Haddadi R, Komaki A, Mohammadi M. Silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) ameliorated cognitive deficits and oxidative damages in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in male mice. Toxicology. 2022;477:153260.
15. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry. 1976;72(1):248-54.
16. Ranjbar A, Mohsenzadeh F, Chehregani A, Khajavi F, Zijoud S-MH, Ghasemi H. Ameliorative effect of Matricaria chamomilla. L on paraquat: Induced oxidative damage in lung rats. Pharmacognosy research. 2014;6(3):199.
17. Hosseini A, Rasaie D, Soleymani Asl S, Nili Ahmadabadi A, Ranjbar A. Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against lung injury induced by sub-acute exposure to paraquat in rats. Toxin Reviews. 2019:1-9.
18. Chen J-l, Dai L, Zhang P, Chen W, Cai G-s, Qi X-w, et al. Methylene blue attenuates acute liver injury induced by paraquat in rats. International immunopharmacology. 2015;28(1):808-12.
19. Shah MD, Iqbal M. Diazinon-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010;48(12):3345-53.
20. Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010;48(10):2803-8.
21. Sams C, Cocker J, Lennard M. 544 Metabolism of chlorpyrifos and diazinon by human liver microsomes. Toxicology Letters. 2003(144):s146.
22. Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell biology and toxicology. 2008;24(2):151-8.
23. Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero A, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free radical research. 2014;48(6):623-40.
24. Yang W, Liu W, Yu W, Fei D, Meng X, Yang S, et al. Angptl2 deficiency attenuates paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury in mice by altering inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis through NF-κB pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2018;503(1):94-101.
25. Youness ER, Agha FE, El-Toukhy SE, El-Naggar SM, Selim AA, Ibrahim AM. The protective effect of orange juice on glyphosate toxicity in adult male mice. J Chem Pharm Res. 2016;8(3):13-28.
26. Çavuşoğlu K, Yapar K, Oruc E, Yalçın E. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against glyphosate toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of medicinal food. 2011;14(10):1263-72.
27. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chemico-biological interactions. 2013;203(3):547-55.
28. Chavan T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against repeated subacute acetaminophen dosing in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(2):286-95.
29. Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. Toxin Reviews. 2021:1-11.
30. El-Shenawy NS, El-Salmy F, Al-Eisa RA, El-Ahmary B. Amelioratory effect of vitamin E on organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced oxidative stress in mice liver. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology. 2010;96(2):101-7.
31. Messarah M, Amamra W, Boumendjel A, Barkat L, Bouasla I, Abdennour C, et al. Ameliorating effects of curcumin and vitamin E on diazinon-induced oxidative damage in rat liver and erythrocytes. Toxicology and industrial health. 2013;29(1):77-88.
32. Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2021;20(9):689-709.
33. Ghiasian M, Khamisabadi F, Kheiripour N, Karami M, Haddadi R, Ghaleiha A, et al. Effects of crocin in reducing DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: A double‐blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2019;33(12):e22410.
34. Bhatia A, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL. Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2007;21(9):852-9.
35. Naqshbandi A, Khan W, Rizwan S, Khan F. Studies on the protective effect of flaxseed oil on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Human & experimental toxicology. 2012;31(4):364-75.
36. Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, et al. Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids in health and disease. 2012;11(1):1-10.
37. Hana RS, Saed N. Alteration in oxidants, antioxidants and cytokines levels in blood of malathion exposed human and animal groups and the effect of flaxseed oil in alleviating malathion toxic effects. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci. 2013;1(1):8-19.
2. Mehri F, Ranjbar A, Shirafkan N, Asl SS, Esfahani M. The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon‐induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2022;36(7):e23063.
3. Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. Toxin Reviews. 2023;42(1):40-50.
4. Rahbari A, Nazem H, Fazilati M, Mehri F. Protective effect of resveratrol against sub-acute diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney. Koomesh. 2021;23(6):794-800.
5. Shahper L, Farzana F, Muneer MQ, Hassan S, Hashim R, Ilyas M. Effects of whole-ground flax seeds versus flax oil for pesticide residues-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Khyber Medical University Journal. 2020;12(2):86-94.
6. El-Sharaky A, Newairy A, Eweda S, Kamel M. Bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats: the protective effect of flaxseed. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2012;94(5):1000-13.
7. Hendawi MY, Alam RT, Abdellatief SA. Ameliorative effect of flaxseed oil against thiacloprid-induced toxicity in rats: hematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2016;23:11855-63.
8. Lee P, Prasad K. Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. 2003;8(3):227-35.
9. Newairy A-SA, Abdou HM. Protective role of flax lignans against lead acetate induced oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2009;47(4):813-8.
10. Wang Y, Li D, Wang L-J, Chiu YL, Chen XD, Mao Z-H, et al. Optimization of extrusion of flaxseeds for in vitro protein digestibility analysis using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Engineering. 2008;85(1):59-64.
11. Zhang Z-S, Wang L-J, Li D, Jiao S-S, Chen XD, Mao Z-H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed. Separation and Purification Technology. 2008;62(1):192-8.
12. Mehri F, Ranjbar A, Shirafkan N, Asl SS, Esfahani M. The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon‐induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2022:e23063.
13. Kamali M, Johari H, Hami J. Protective effect of flax seed on brain teratogenicity induced by lamotrigine in rat fetuses. Folia Medica. 2020;62(2):372-7.
14. Makhdoomi S, Mahboobian MM, Haddadi R, Komaki A, Mohammadi M. Silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) ameliorated cognitive deficits and oxidative damages in aluminum chloride-induced neurotoxicity in male mice. Toxicology. 2022;477:153260.
15. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry. 1976;72(1):248-54.
16. Ranjbar A, Mohsenzadeh F, Chehregani A, Khajavi F, Zijoud S-MH, Ghasemi H. Ameliorative effect of Matricaria chamomilla. L on paraquat: Induced oxidative damage in lung rats. Pharmacognosy research. 2014;6(3):199.
17. Hosseini A, Rasaie D, Soleymani Asl S, Nili Ahmadabadi A, Ranjbar A. Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against lung injury induced by sub-acute exposure to paraquat in rats. Toxin Reviews. 2019:1-9.
18. Chen J-l, Dai L, Zhang P, Chen W, Cai G-s, Qi X-w, et al. Methylene blue attenuates acute liver injury induced by paraquat in rats. International immunopharmacology. 2015;28(1):808-12.
19. Shah MD, Iqbal M. Diazinon-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010;48(12):3345-53.
20. Hariri AT, Moallem SA, Mahmoudi M, Memar B, Hosseinzadeh H. Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010;48(10):2803-8.
21. Sams C, Cocker J, Lennard M. 544 Metabolism of chlorpyrifos and diazinon by human liver microsomes. Toxicology Letters. 2003(144):s146.
22. Buyukokuroglu ME, Cemek M, Yurumez Y, Yavuz Y, Aslan A. Antioxidative role of melatonin in organophosphate toxicity in rats. Cell biology and toxicology. 2008;24(2):151-8.
23. Blanco-Ayala T, Andérica-Romero A, Pedraza-Chaverri J. New insights into antioxidant strategies against paraquat toxicity. Free radical research. 2014;48(6):623-40.
24. Yang W, Liu W, Yu W, Fei D, Meng X, Yang S, et al. Angptl2 deficiency attenuates paraquat (PQ)-induced lung injury in mice by altering inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis through NF-κB pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2018;503(1):94-101.
25. Youness ER, Agha FE, El-Toukhy SE, El-Naggar SM, Selim AA, Ibrahim AM. The protective effect of orange juice on glyphosate toxicity in adult male mice. J Chem Pharm Res. 2016;8(3):13-28.
26. Çavuşoğlu K, Yapar K, Oruc E, Yalçın E. Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract against glyphosate toxicity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of medicinal food. 2011;14(10):1263-72.
27. Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chemico-biological interactions. 2013;203(3):547-55.
28. Chavan T, Khadke S, Harke S, Ghadge A, Karandikar M, Pandit V, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids against repeated subacute acetaminophen dosing in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(2):286-95.
29. Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. Toxin Reviews. 2021:1-11.
30. El-Shenawy NS, El-Salmy F, Al-Eisa RA, El-Ahmary B. Amelioratory effect of vitamin E on organophosphorus insecticide diazinon-induced oxidative stress in mice liver. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology. 2010;96(2):101-7.
31. Messarah M, Amamra W, Boumendjel A, Barkat L, Bouasla I, Abdennour C, et al. Ameliorating effects of curcumin and vitamin E on diazinon-induced oxidative damage in rat liver and erythrocytes. Toxicology and industrial health. 2013;29(1):77-88.
32. Forman HJ, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2021;20(9):689-709.
33. Ghiasian M, Khamisabadi F, Kheiripour N, Karami M, Haddadi R, Ghaleiha A, et al. Effects of crocin in reducing DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis patients: A double‐blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2019;33(12):e22410.
34. Bhatia A, Sharma A, Patni S, Sharma AL. Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2007;21(9):852-9.
35. Naqshbandi A, Khan W, Rizwan S, Khan F. Studies on the protective effect of flaxseed oil on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Human & experimental toxicology. 2012;31(4):364-75.
36. Yang W, Fu J, Yu M, Huang Q, Wang D, Xu J, et al. Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level. Lipids in health and disease. 2012;11(1):1-10.
37. Hana RS, Saed N. Alteration in oxidants, antioxidants and cytokines levels in blood of malathion exposed human and animal groups and the effect of flaxseed oil in alleviating malathion toxic effects. Eur J Biotechnol Biosci. 2013;1(1):8-19.
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| Diazinon; Cardio-toxicity; Flaxseed oil; Heart; Oxidative stress | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mehri F, Amirsadeghi S, Ranjbar A, Esfahani M, Shiri E. Protective effect of flaxseed oil on diazinon-induced cardiotoxicity in rats in sub-chronic exposure. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2024;.
