The Validity of Heart Rate Variability Obtained from Electrocardiography and Blood Pressure in Rats Subjected to Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Ischemia
Abstract
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is calculated by electrocardiography (ECG-HRV) or blood pressure (BP-HRV). The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the above methods in rats with normal and ischemic hearts during the baroreflex maneuver.
Methods: The study was conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, in 2021. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a sham group and an isoproterenol-mediated cardiac ischemia (ISO) group. Saline and isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously for 2 consecutive days in the sham and ISO groups, respectively. Then, the animals were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium thiopental (60 mg/kg), and the femoral artery and vein were cannulated. Baroreflex was activated using an intravenous injection of phenylephrine (10 µg/100 µL saline). ECG, BP, and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and the time domain of HRV and baroreflex gain were calculated.
Results: Baroreflex gain in the ISO group (male, weight=275.8±2.8 g, n=8) was lower than that in the sham group (male, weight=258±2.3 g, n=8) (P<0.05). ECG-HRV indicated an increase in the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDRR), the index of overall HRV, and the parasympathetic index of the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in both groups. However, the rise in SDRR and RMSSD in the ISO group was less than that in the sham group (P<0.05). SDRR and RMSSD obtained from BP did not show a difference between the sham and ISO groups, nor did they correspond with the results seen in baroreflex gain.
Conclusion: BP-HRV was not as valuable as ECG-HRV in assessing cardiac ischemia.
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12. Goldenberg I, Goldkorn R, Shlomo N, Einhorn M, Levitan J, Kuperstein R, Klempfner R, Johnson B. Heart Rate Variability for Risk Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Without Known Coronary Artery Disease: The HRV-DETECT (Heart Rate Variability for the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia) Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e014540.
13. Wong JS, Lu WA, Wu KT, Liu M, Chen GY, Kuo CD. A comparative study of pulse rate variability and heart rate variability in healthy subjects. J Clin Monit Comput 2012;26:107-114.
14. Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front Public Health 2017;5:258.
15. Ishaque S, Khan N, Krishnan S. Trends in Heart-Rate Variability Signal Analysis. Front Digit Health 2021;3:639444.
16. McCraty R, Shaffer F. Heart Rate Variability: New Perspectives on Physiological Mechanisms, Assessment of Self-regulatory Capacity, and Health risk. Glob Adv Health Med 2015;4:46-61.
17. Lucini D, Pagani M. Heart rate variability, autonomic regulation and myocardial ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2020;312:22-23.
18. Abrootan S, Yazdankhah S, Payami B, Alasti M. Changes in Heart Rate Variability Parameters after Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Tehran Heart Cent 2015;10:80-84.
19. Selvaraj N, Jaryal A, Santhosh J, Deepak KK, Anand S. Assessment of heart rate variability derived from finger-tip photoplethysmography as compared to electrocardiography. J Med Eng Technol 2008;32:479-484.
20. Jeyhani V, Mahdiani S, Peltokangas M, Vehkaoja A. Comparison of HRV parameters derived from photoplethysmography and electrocardiography signals. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015;2015:5952-5955.
21. Carrasco S, González R, Jiménez J, Román R, Medina V, Azpiroz J. Comparison of the heart rate variability parameters obtained from the electrocardiogram and the blood pressure wave. J Med Eng Technol 1998;22:195-205.
22. Buccelletti E, Gilardi E, Scaini E, Galiuto L, Persiani R, Biondi A, Basile F, Silveri NG. Heart rate variability and myocardial infarction: systematic literature review and metanalysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009;13:299-307.
23. Fang SC, Wu YL, Tsai PS. Heart Rate Variability and Risk of All-Cause Death and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Biol Res Nurs 2020;22:45-56.
24. Khodadadi F, Bahaoddini A, Tavassoli A, Ketabchi F. Heart rate variability and pulmonary dysfunction in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20:331.
25. Khoramzadeh M, Dehghanian A, Ketabchi F. Roles of Endothelin B Receptors and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Regulation of Pulmonary Hemodynamic in Cirrhotic Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019;73:178-185.
26. Eroglu A. The effect of intravenous anesthetics on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:821513.
27. Zorniak M, Mitrega K, Bialka S, Porc M, Krzeminski TF. Comparison of thiopental, urethane, and pentobarbital in the study of experimental cardiology in rats in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010;56:38-44.
28. Cartner SC, Barlow SC, Ness TJ. Loss of cortical function in mice after decapitation, cervical dislocation, potassium chloride injection, and CO2 inhalation. Comp Med 2007;57:570-573.
29. Khan V, Sharma S, Bhandari U, Sharma N, Rishi V, Haque SE. Suppression of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by raspberry ketone via activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α. Eur J Pharmacol 2019;842:157-166.
30. Song T, Qu XF, Zhang YT, Cao W, Han BH, Li Y, Piao JY, Yin LL, Da Cheng H. Usefulness of the heart-rate variability complex for predicting cardiac mortality after acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:59.
31. Pernice R, Javorka M, Krohova J, Czippelova B, Turianikova Z, Busacca A, Faes L; Member, IEEE. Comparison of short-term heart rate variability indexes evaluated through electrocardiographic and continuous blood pressure monitoring. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019;57:1247-1263.
2. Murugesan M, Revathi R, Manju V. Cardioprotective effect of fenugreek on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011;43:516-519.
3. Roy SJ, Stanely Mainzen Prince P. Protective effects of sinapic acid on lysosomal dysfunction in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:3984-3989.
4. Soraya H, Khorrami A, Garjani A, Maleki-Dizaji N, Garjani A. Acute treatment with metformin improves cardiac function following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012;64:1476-1484.
5. Grimm D, Elsner D, Schunkert H, Pfeifer M, Griese D, Bruckschlegel G, Muders F, Riegger GA, Kromer EP. Development of heart failure following isoproterenol administration in the rat: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Cardiovasc Res 1998;37:91-100.
6. Chen PS, Chen LS, Cao JM, Sharifi B, Karagueuzian HS, Fishbein MC. Sympathetic nerve sprouting, electrical remodeling and the mechanisms of sudden cardiac death. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50:409-416.
7. Pilati CF, Bosso FJ, Maron MB. Factors involved in left ventricular dysfunction after massive sympathetic activation. Am J Physiol 1992;263(3 Pt 2):H784-791.
8. Oliveira NL, Ribeiro F, Alves AJ, Teixeira M, Miranda F, Oliveira J. Heart rate variability in myocardial infarction patients: effects of exercise training. Rev Port Cardiol 2013;32:687-700.
9. Estrela HF, Damásio ES, Fonseca EK, Bergamaschi CT, Campos RR. Differential Sympathetic Vasomotor Activation Induced by Liver Cirrhosis in Rats. PLoS One 2016;11:e0152512.
10. Rajanathan R, Pedersen TM, Thomsen MB, Botker HE, Matchkov VV. Phenylephrine-Induced Cardiovascular Changes in the Anesthetized Mouse: An Integrated Assessment of in vivo Hemodynamics Under Conditions of Controlled Heart Rate. Front Physiol 2022;13:831724.
11. Takahashi N, Nakagawa M, Saikawa T, Ooie T, Akimitsu T, Kaneda K, Hara M, Iwao T, Yonemochi H, Ito M, Sakata T. Noninvasive assessment of the cardiac baroreflex: response to downward tilting and comparison with the phenylephrine method. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:211-215.
12. Goldenberg I, Goldkorn R, Shlomo N, Einhorn M, Levitan J, Kuperstein R, Klempfner R, Johnson B. Heart Rate Variability for Risk Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Without Known Coronary Artery Disease: The HRV-DETECT (Heart Rate Variability for the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia) Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019;8:e014540.
13. Wong JS, Lu WA, Wu KT, Liu M, Chen GY, Kuo CD. A comparative study of pulse rate variability and heart rate variability in healthy subjects. J Clin Monit Comput 2012;26:107-114.
14. Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front Public Health 2017;5:258.
15. Ishaque S, Khan N, Krishnan S. Trends in Heart-Rate Variability Signal Analysis. Front Digit Health 2021;3:639444.
16. McCraty R, Shaffer F. Heart Rate Variability: New Perspectives on Physiological Mechanisms, Assessment of Self-regulatory Capacity, and Health risk. Glob Adv Health Med 2015;4:46-61.
17. Lucini D, Pagani M. Heart rate variability, autonomic regulation and myocardial ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2020;312:22-23.
18. Abrootan S, Yazdankhah S, Payami B, Alasti M. Changes in Heart Rate Variability Parameters after Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J Tehran Heart Cent 2015;10:80-84.
19. Selvaraj N, Jaryal A, Santhosh J, Deepak KK, Anand S. Assessment of heart rate variability derived from finger-tip photoplethysmography as compared to electrocardiography. J Med Eng Technol 2008;32:479-484.
20. Jeyhani V, Mahdiani S, Peltokangas M, Vehkaoja A. Comparison of HRV parameters derived from photoplethysmography and electrocardiography signals. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015;2015:5952-5955.
21. Carrasco S, González R, Jiménez J, Román R, Medina V, Azpiroz J. Comparison of the heart rate variability parameters obtained from the electrocardiogram and the blood pressure wave. J Med Eng Technol 1998;22:195-205.
22. Buccelletti E, Gilardi E, Scaini E, Galiuto L, Persiani R, Biondi A, Basile F, Silveri NG. Heart rate variability and myocardial infarction: systematic literature review and metanalysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009;13:299-307.
23. Fang SC, Wu YL, Tsai PS. Heart Rate Variability and Risk of All-Cause Death and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Biol Res Nurs 2020;22:45-56.
24. Khodadadi F, Bahaoddini A, Tavassoli A, Ketabchi F. Heart rate variability and pulmonary dysfunction in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020;20:331.
25. Khoramzadeh M, Dehghanian A, Ketabchi F. Roles of Endothelin B Receptors and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Regulation of Pulmonary Hemodynamic in Cirrhotic Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019;73:178-185.
26. Eroglu A. The effect of intravenous anesthetics on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:821513.
27. Zorniak M, Mitrega K, Bialka S, Porc M, Krzeminski TF. Comparison of thiopental, urethane, and pentobarbital in the study of experimental cardiology in rats in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010;56:38-44.
28. Cartner SC, Barlow SC, Ness TJ. Loss of cortical function in mice after decapitation, cervical dislocation, potassium chloride injection, and CO2 inhalation. Comp Med 2007;57:570-573.
29. Khan V, Sharma S, Bhandari U, Sharma N, Rishi V, Haque SE. Suppression of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by raspberry ketone via activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α. Eur J Pharmacol 2019;842:157-166.
30. Song T, Qu XF, Zhang YT, Cao W, Han BH, Li Y, Piao JY, Yin LL, Da Cheng H. Usefulness of the heart-rate variability complex for predicting cardiac mortality after acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:59.
31. Pernice R, Javorka M, Krohova J, Czippelova B, Turianikova Z, Busacca A, Faes L; Member, IEEE. Comparison of short-term heart rate variability indexes evaluated through electrocardiographic and continuous blood pressure monitoring. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019;57:1247-1263.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v18i1.12579 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Baroreflex Blood pressure Electrocardiography Heart rate | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Farokhipour M, Ketabchi F. The Validity of Heart Rate Variability Obtained from Electrocardiography and Blood Pressure in Rats Subjected to Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Ischemia. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2023;18(1):33-38.
