The Immediate Effects of Aerobic Exercise with and Without External Loads on Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Body Temperature Indices in Type II Diabetic Patients
-
Sedigheh Sadat Naimi
,
Soulmaz Rahbar
,
Mohammad Reza Asadi
,
Hojjat Radinmehr
,
Ailin Talimkhani
,
Amin Doosti-Irani
,
Gholam Reza Hajvalie
Abstract
Background: The long-term effects of aerobic exercise on the cardiorespiratory system have been studied extensively. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise with and without external loads on blood glucose, cardiovascular, respiratory, and body temperature indices in patients with type II diabetes.
Methods: The present randomized control trial recruited participants from the Diabetes Center of Hamadan University through advertisement. Thirty individuals were selected and divided into an aerobic exercise group and a weighted vest group via block randomization. The intervention protocol included aerobic exercise on the treadmill (0 slopes) with an intensity of 50% to 70% of the maximum heart rate. The exercise program for the weighted vest group was identical to that of the aerobic group, except that the subjects wore a weighted vest.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 46.77±5.11 years in the aerobic group and 48±5.95 years in the weighted vest group. After the intervention, blood glucose in the aerobic group (167.07±72.48 mg/dL; P<0.001) and the weighted vest group (167.75±61.53 mg/dL; P<0.001) was decreased. Additionally, resting heart rate (aerobic: 96.83±11.86 bpm and vest: 94.92±13.65 bpm) and body temperature (aerobic: 36.20±0.83 ℃ and vest: 35.48±0.46 ℃) were increased (P<0.001). Decreased systolic (aerobic: 117.92±19.27 mmHg and vest: 120.91±12.04 mmHg) and diastolic (aerobic: 77.38±7.54 mmHg and vest: 82.5±11.32 mmHg) blood pressure and increased respiration rate (aerobic: 23.07±5.45 breath/min and vest: 22±3.19 breath/min) were seen in both groups but were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: One aerobic exercise session with and without external loads reduced blood glucose levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in our 2 study groups.
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8. Simões HG, Asano RY, Sales MM, Browne RA, Arsa G, Motta-Santos D, Puga GM, Lima LC, Campbell CS, Franco OL. Type 2 diabetes elicits lower nitric oxide, bradykinin concentration and kallikrein activity together with higher DesArg(9)-BK and reduced post-exercise hypotension compared to non-diabetic condition. PLoS One 2013;8:e80348.
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10. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56:115-123.
11. Cohen ND, Dunstan DW, Robinson C, Vulikh E, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE. Improved endothelial function following a 14-month resistance exercise training program in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;79:405-411.
12. Okada S, Hiuge A, Makino H, Nagumo A, Takaki H, Konishi H, Goto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Miyamoto Y. Effect of exercise intervention on endothelial function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:828-833.
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15. Melton CE, Tucker PS, Fisher-Wellman KH, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise does not attenuate postprandial oxidative stress in prediabetic women. Phys Sportsmed 2009;37:27-36.
16. Wildman RP, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K. A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:579-585.
17. Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W. Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1865-1870.
18. Pahkala K, Heinonen OJ, Simell O, Viikari JS, Rönnemaa T, Niinikoski H, Raitakari OT. Association of physical activity with vascular endothelial function and intima-media thickness. Circulation 2011;124:1956-1963.
19. Jenkins DW, Jenks A. Exercise and Diabetes: A Narrative Review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2017;56:968-974.
20. Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol 2012;590:1077-1084.
21. Collao N, Rada I, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Exercise Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor Regulation in Innate Immune Cells - A Review. Int Rev Immunol 2020;39:39-52.
22. Cockcroft EJ, Moudiotis C, Kitchen J, Bond B, Williams CA, Barker AR. High-intensity interval exercise and glycemic control in adolescents with type one diabetes mellitus: a case study. Physiol Rep 2017;5:e13339.
23. Newsom SA, Everett AC, Hinko A, Horowitz JF. A single session of low-intensity exercise is sufficient to enhance insulin sensitivity into the next day in obese adults. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2516-2522.
24. Spence AL, Carter HH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol 2013;591:1265-1275.
25. Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Exterkate A, Swart A, Thijssen DH, Lam K, O'Driscoll G, Green DJ. The impact of exercise training on conduit artery wall thickness and remodeling in chronic heart failure patients. Hypertension 2011;57:56-62.
26. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care 2014;37 Suppl 1:S14-80.
27. Roghani T, Torkaman G, Movasseghe S, Hedayati M, Goosheh B, Bayat N. Effects of short-term aerobic exercise with and without external loading on bone metabolism and balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int 2013;33:291-298.
28. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-69.
29. McConell GK, Lee-Young RS, Chen ZP, Stepto NK, Huynh NN, Stephens TJ, Canny BJ, Kemp BE. Short-term exercise training in humans reduces AMPK signalling during prolonged exercise independent of muscle glycogen. J Physiol 2005;568(Pt 2):665-676.
30. Yokoyama H, Emoto M, Fujiwara S, Motoyama K, Morioka T, Koyama H, Shoji T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Short-term aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;65:85-93.
31. Rahbar S, Naimi SS, Reza Soltani A, Rahimi A, Akbarzadeh Baghban A, Khorami N. Are Twenty-Four Sessions of Aerobic Exercise Sufficient for Improving Cardiac Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus? A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Tehran Heart Cent 2018;13:43-51.
32. Fakhry F, Spronk S, de Ridder M, den Hoed PT, Hunink MG. Long-term effects of structured home-based exercise program on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:1066-1073.
33. Praet SF, Manders RJ, Lieverse AG, Kuipers H, Stehouwer CD, Keizer HA, van Loon LJ. Influence of acute exercise on hyperglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:2037-2044.
34. Farkas GJ, Swartz AM, Gorgey AS, Berg AS, Gater DR. Acute exercise improves glucose effectiveness but not insulin sensitivity in paraplegia. Disabil Rehabil 2022;44:4656-4662.
35. Yang D, Yang Y, Li Y, Han R. Physical Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Mechanism to Orientation. Ann Nutr Metab 2019;74:313-321.
36. Kennedy JW, Hirshman MF, Gervino EV, Ocel JV, Forse RA, Hoenig SJ, Aronson D, Goodyear LJ, Horton ES. Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999;48:1192-1197.
37. Bailey TG, Perissiou M, Windsor MT, Schulze K, Nam M, Magee R, Leicht AS, Green DJ, Greaves K, Golledge J, Askew CD. Effects of acute exercise on endothelial function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018;314:H19-H30.
38. Quinn TJ. Twenty-four hour, ambulatory blood pressure responses following acute exercise: impact of exercise intensity. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:547-553.
39. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14:12-17.
40. Oliveira R, Barker AR, Debras F, O'Doherty A, Williams CA. Mechanisms of blood pressure control following acute exercise in adolescents: Effects of exercise intensity on haemodynamics and baroreflex sensitivity. Exp Physiol 2018;103:1056-1066.
41. Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Schena E, Sacchetti M. The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise. Sensors (Basel) 2020;20:6396.
2. Pan B, Ge L, Xun YQ, Chen YJ, Gao CY, Han X, Zuo LQ, Shan HQ, Yang KH, Ding GW, Tian JH. Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018;15:72.
3. Zibaeenezhad MJ, Sayadi M, Mohammadi SS, Khorshidi S, Hadiyan E, Rasouli N, Karimi-Akhormeh A, Razeghian-Jahromi I. The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Clinical Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Different Stent Sizes. J Tehran Heart Cent 2022;17:207-214.
4. American Diabetes Association. Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care 2018;41:917-928.
5. Viigimaa M, Sachinidis A, Toumpourleka M, Koutsampasopoulos K, Alliksoo S, Titma T. Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020;18:110-116.
6. Wahl MP, Scalzo RL, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise Impairment in Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:181.
7. Adams OP. The impact of brief high-intensity exercise on blood glucose levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013;6:113-122.
8. Simões HG, Asano RY, Sales MM, Browne RA, Arsa G, Motta-Santos D, Puga GM, Lima LC, Campbell CS, Franco OL. Type 2 diabetes elicits lower nitric oxide, bradykinin concentration and kallikrein activity together with higher DesArg(9)-BK and reduced post-exercise hypotension compared to non-diabetic condition. PLoS One 2013;8:e80348.
9. Shimomura M, Horii N, Fujie S, Inoue K, Hasegawa N, Iemitsu K, Uchida M, Iemitsu M. Decreased muscle-derived musclin by chronic resistance exercise is associated with improved insulin resistance in rats with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2021;9:e14823.
10. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycemic control and fitness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56:115-123.
11. Cohen ND, Dunstan DW, Robinson C, Vulikh E, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE. Improved endothelial function following a 14-month resistance exercise training program in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;79:405-411.
12. Okada S, Hiuge A, Makino H, Nagumo A, Takaki H, Konishi H, Goto Y, Yoshimasa Y, Miyamoto Y. Effect of exercise intervention on endothelial function and incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:828-833.
13. Maiorana A, O'Driscoll G, Cheetham C, Dembo L, Stanton K, Goodman C, Taylor R, Green D. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:860-866.
14. Bacchi E, Negri C, Zanolin ME, Milanese C, Faccioli N, Trombetta M, Zoppini G, Cevese A, Bonadonna RC, Schena F, Bonora E, Lanza M, Moghetti P. Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study). Diabetes Care 2012;35:676-682.
15. Melton CE, Tucker PS, Fisher-Wellman KH, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise does not attenuate postprandial oxidative stress in prediabetic women. Phys Sportsmed 2009;37:27-36.
16. Wildman RP, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K. A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:579-585.
17. Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W. Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1865-1870.
18. Pahkala K, Heinonen OJ, Simell O, Viikari JS, Rönnemaa T, Niinikoski H, Raitakari OT. Association of physical activity with vascular endothelial function and intima-media thickness. Circulation 2011;124:1956-1963.
19. Jenkins DW, Jenks A. Exercise and Diabetes: A Narrative Review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2017;56:968-974.
20. Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol 2012;590:1077-1084.
21. Collao N, Rada I, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Zbinden-Foncea H. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Exercise Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor Regulation in Innate Immune Cells - A Review. Int Rev Immunol 2020;39:39-52.
22. Cockcroft EJ, Moudiotis C, Kitchen J, Bond B, Williams CA, Barker AR. High-intensity interval exercise and glycemic control in adolescents with type one diabetes mellitus: a case study. Physiol Rep 2017;5:e13339.
23. Newsom SA, Everett AC, Hinko A, Horowitz JF. A single session of low-intensity exercise is sufficient to enhance insulin sensitivity into the next day in obese adults. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2516-2522.
24. Spence AL, Carter HH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol 2013;591:1265-1275.
25. Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Exterkate A, Swart A, Thijssen DH, Lam K, O'Driscoll G, Green DJ. The impact of exercise training on conduit artery wall thickness and remodeling in chronic heart failure patients. Hypertension 2011;57:56-62.
26. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care 2014;37 Suppl 1:S14-80.
27. Roghani T, Torkaman G, Movasseghe S, Hedayati M, Goosheh B, Bayat N. Effects of short-term aerobic exercise with and without external loading on bone metabolism and balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int 2013;33:291-298.
28. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010;33 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S62-69.
29. McConell GK, Lee-Young RS, Chen ZP, Stepto NK, Huynh NN, Stephens TJ, Canny BJ, Kemp BE. Short-term exercise training in humans reduces AMPK signalling during prolonged exercise independent of muscle glycogen. J Physiol 2005;568(Pt 2):665-676.
30. Yokoyama H, Emoto M, Fujiwara S, Motoyama K, Morioka T, Koyama H, Shoji T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Short-term aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;65:85-93.
31. Rahbar S, Naimi SS, Reza Soltani A, Rahimi A, Akbarzadeh Baghban A, Khorami N. Are Twenty-Four Sessions of Aerobic Exercise Sufficient for Improving Cardiac Parameters in Diabetes Mellitus? A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Tehran Heart Cent 2018;13:43-51.
32. Fakhry F, Spronk S, de Ridder M, den Hoed PT, Hunink MG. Long-term effects of structured home-based exercise program on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with intermittent claudication. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011;92:1066-1073.
33. Praet SF, Manders RJ, Lieverse AG, Kuipers H, Stehouwer CD, Keizer HA, van Loon LJ. Influence of acute exercise on hyperglycemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006;38:2037-2044.
34. Farkas GJ, Swartz AM, Gorgey AS, Berg AS, Gater DR. Acute exercise improves glucose effectiveness but not insulin sensitivity in paraplegia. Disabil Rehabil 2022;44:4656-4662.
35. Yang D, Yang Y, Li Y, Han R. Physical Exercise as Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: From Mechanism to Orientation. Ann Nutr Metab 2019;74:313-321.
36. Kennedy JW, Hirshman MF, Gervino EV, Ocel JV, Forse RA, Hoenig SJ, Aronson D, Goodyear LJ, Horton ES. Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999;48:1192-1197.
37. Bailey TG, Perissiou M, Windsor MT, Schulze K, Nam M, Magee R, Leicht AS, Green DJ, Greaves K, Golledge J, Askew CD. Effects of acute exercise on endothelial function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018;314:H19-H30.
38. Quinn TJ. Twenty-four hour, ambulatory blood pressure responses following acute exercise: impact of exercise intensity. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14:547-553.
39. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14:12-17.
40. Oliveira R, Barker AR, Debras F, O'Doherty A, Williams CA. Mechanisms of blood pressure control following acute exercise in adolescents: Effects of exercise intensity on haemodynamics and baroreflex sensitivity. Exp Physiol 2018;103:1056-1066.
41. Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Schena E, Sacchetti M. The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise. Sensors (Basel) 2020;20:6396.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2023): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v18i1.12580 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Exercise Diabetes mellitus Blood glucose Blood pressure | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Naimi SS, Rahbar S, Asadi MR, Radinmehr H, Talimkhani A, Doosti-Irani A, Hajvalie GR. The Immediate Effects of Aerobic Exercise with and Without External Loads on Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Body Temperature Indices in Type II Diabetic Patients. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2023;18(1):39-45.
