Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and High-risk Features in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: A Multicenter Study
Abstract
Background: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a noninvasive method with acceptable sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) in moderate-risk patients, including those with CAD risk factors.
Methods: The present cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted on 4886 patients from April 2020 through March 2023 at Chamran and Tehran Heart Center hospitals. A questionnaire regarding anthropometric variables, demographic characteristics, CAD risk factors, and MPI findings was designed.
Results: Totally, 2179 patients (44.6%) had abnormal MPI. Patients with abnormal MPI were significantly older than those with normal MPI. Older age (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.72; P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.48; P=0.012), hypertension (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.37; P=0.032), and dyslipidemia (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.8; P<0.001) were associated with abnormal MPI independently. Patients with more CAD risk factors were more likely to have abnormal MPI. Thus, in patients without or at most with 1 risk factor and those with 8 CAD risk factors, the likelihood of abnormal MPI was 3.7% and 76.2%, respectively. The frequency of left ventricular dilation and right ventricular prominence was significantly higher in patients with older age (P<0.001 and P=0.043, respectively), dyslipidemia (P<0.001 and P=0.007, respectively), DM (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively), and hypertension (P=0.048 and P=0.057, respectively).
Conclusion: Individuals with CAD risk factors, especially those with older age, DM, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, require meticulous attention during CAD evaluation, particularly via MPI.
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2. Kappetein AP, Dawkins KD, Mohr FW, Morice MC, Mack MJ, Russell ME, Pomar J, Serruys PW. Current percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting practices for three-vessel and left main coronary artery disease. Insights from the SYNTAX run-in phase. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;29:486-491.
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4. Liaquat A, Khan A, Ullah Shah S, Iqbal H, Iqbal S, Rana AI, Ur Rahman H. Evaluating the use of coronary artery calcium scoring as a tool for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk stratification and its association with coronary stenosis and CAD risk factors: a single-centre, retrospective, cross-sectional study at a tertiary centre in Pakistan. BMJ Open 2022;12:e057703.
5. Gudenkauf B, Hays AG, Tamis-Holland J, Trost J, Ambinder DI, Wu KC, Arbab-Zadeh A, Blumenthal RS, Sharma G. Role of Multimodality Imaging in the Assessment of Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: Beyond Conventional Coronary Angiography. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e022787.
6. Hassanzadeh-Makoui R, Jamei M, Hassanzadeh-Makoui M, Khederlou H. Effects of Vitamin D on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2020;18:e103528.
7. Cantoni V, Green R, Acampa W, Assante R, Zampella E, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, Mannarino T, D'Antonio A, Petretta M, Cuocolo A. Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2022;29:141-154.
8. Bahall M, Seemungal T, Legall G. Risk factors for first-time acute myocardial infarction patients in Trinidad. BMC Public Health 2018;18:161.
9. Medina-Urrutia AX, Martínez-Sánchez FD, Posadas-Romero C, Jorge-Galarza E, Martínez-Alvarado MDR, González-Salazar MDC, Osorio-Alonso H, Juárez-Rojas JG. Metabolic control achievement in a population with premature coronary artery disease: results of the genetics of atherosclerotic disease study. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020;11:2042018820943374.
10. Boschi A, Uccelli L, Marvelli L, Cittanti C, Giganti M, Martini P. Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals for Ideal Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Lost and Found Opportunities. Molecules 2022;27:1188.
11. Yao Y, Quirk T, French M, Dharmalingam A, Collins N. Myocardial perfusion imaging failed to improve patient risk classification compared with the revised cardiac risk index for early cardiac complications after major non-cardiac surgery. Intern Med J 2022;52:1203-1214.
12. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2020;41:407-477.
13. Liu B, Yu W, Zhang F, Shi Y, Yang L, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y. Detecting obstructive coronary artery disease with machine learning: rest-only gated single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging combined with coronary artery calcium score and cardiovascular risk factors. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023;13:1524-1536.
14. Kaplan Berkaya S, Ak Sivrikoz I, Gunal S. Classification models for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Comput Biol Med 2020;123:103893.
15. Williams MC, Bednarski BP, Pieszko K, Miller RJH, Kwiecinski J, Shanbhag A, et al. Unsupervised learning to characterize patients with known coronary artery disease undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023;50:2656-2668.
16. Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs DR Jr, Shahar E, Folsom AR. Coronary risk factors and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:565-572.
17. Czernin J, Müller P, Chan S, Brunken RC, Porenta G, Krivokapich J, Chen K, Chan A, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993;88:62-69.
18. Uren NG, Camici PG, Melin JA, Bol A, de Bruyne B, Radvan J, Olivotto I, Rosen SD, Impallomeni M, Wijns W. Effect of aging on myocardial perfusion reserve. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2032-2036.
19. Chareonthaitawee P, Kaufmann PA, Rimoldi O, Camici PG. Heterogeneity of resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow in healthy humans. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50:151-161.
20. Haider A, Bengs S, Portmann A, Rossi A, Ahmed H, Etter D, Warnock GI, Mikail N, Grämer M, Meisel A, Gisler L, Jie C, Keller C, Kozerke S, Weber B, Schibli R, Mu L, Kaufmann PA, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Ametamey SM, Gebhard C. Role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022;49:2209-2218.
21. Orshal JM, Khalil RA. Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286:R233-249.
22. Dewey M, Siebes M, Kachelrieß M, Kofoed KF, Maurovich-Horvat P, Nikolaou K, et al. Clinical quantitative cardiac imaging for the assessment of myocardial ischaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:427-450.
23. Malhotra S, Sharma R, Kliner DE, Follansbee WP, Soman P. Relationship between silent myocardial ischemia and coronary artery disease risk factors. J Nucl Cardiol 2013;20:731-738.
24. Goraya TY, Leibson CL, Palumbo PJ, Weston SA, Killian JM, Pfeifer EA, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, Roger VL. Coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus: a population-based autopsy study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:946-953.
25. Taskinen MR, Borén J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2015;239:483-495.
26. Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Zieske A, Fowler DR, Weber DK, Varghese PJ, Farb A, Virmani R. Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1266-1271.
27. Stein R, Ferrari F, Scolari F. Genetics, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019;21:68.
28. Kunita Y, Nakajima K, Nakata T, Kudo T, Kinuya S. Prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease and candidates for stress-only imaging using multivariable models with myocardial perfusion imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2022;36:674-683.
29. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015;385:117-171.
30. Lee RT, Kamm RD. Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1289-1295.
31. Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Czarnecka D, Olszanecka A, Klecha A, Kwiecień-Sobstel A, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Pennell DJ, Pasowicz M, Klimeczek P, Banyś RP. Myocardial perfusion in hypertensive patients with normal coronary angiograms. J Hypertens 2008;26:1686-1694.
32. Harrison DG, Marcus ML, Dellsperger KC, Lamping KG, Tomanek RJ. Pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion in hypertension. Circulation 1991;83(5 Suppl):III14-18.
33. Kozàkovà M, Palombo C, Pratali L, Pittella G, Galetta F, L'Abbate A. Mechanisms of coronary flow reserve impairment in human hypertension. An integrated approach by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Hypertension 1997;29:551-519.
34. Camici PG, Crea F. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2007;356:830-840.
35. Hajar R. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Historical Perspectives. Heart Views 2017;18:109-114.
36. Benowitz NL, Burbank AD. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:515-523.
37. Longueira J, Khazan E, Burke F. Nicotine and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Use During Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Fed Pract 2022;39:23-27.
38. Jalali Z, Khademalhosseini M, Soltani N, Esmaeili Nadimi A. Smoking, alcohol and opioids effect on coronary microcirculation: an update overview. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021;21:185.
39. Khan NA, Lawyer G, McDonough S, Wang Q, Kassem NO, Kas-Petrus F, Ye D, Singh KP, Kassem NO, Rahman I. Systemic biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue injury and repair among waterpipe, cigarette and dual tobacco smokers. Tob Control 2020;29(Suppl 2):s102-s109.
40. Czernin J, Sun K, Brunken R, Böttcher M, Phelps M, Schelbert H. Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1995;91:2891-2897.
41. Campisi R, Czernin J, Schöder H, Sayre JW, Marengo FD, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Effects of long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow, coronary vasomotion, and vasodilator capacity. Circulation 1998;98:119-125.
42. Bechlioulis A, Vakalis K, Naka KK, Bourantas CV, Papamichael ND, Kotsia A, Tzimas T, Pappas K, Katsouras CS, Michalis LK. Paradoxical protective effect of central obesity in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21:E314-321.
43. Kim DH, Nam GE, Han K, Kim YH, Park KY, Hwang HS, Han B, Cho SJ, Jung SJ, Yoon YJ, Roh YK, Cho KH, Park YG. Variabilities in Weight and Waist Circumference and Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020;35:933-942.
44. Patlolla SH, Gurumurthy G, Sundaragiri PR, Cheungpasitporn W, Vallabhajosyula S. Body Mass Index and In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021;57:926.
45. Ono M, Kawashima H, Hara H, O'Leary N, Gao C, Wang R, et al. Impact of Body Composition Indices on Ten-year Mortality After Revascularization of Complex Coronary Artery Disease (From the Syntax Extended Survival Trial). Am J Cardiol 2021;151:30-38.
46. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, Wilson PW, O'Donnell CJ. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004;291:2204-11.
47. Andresdottir MB, Sigurdsson G, Sigvaldason H, Gudnason V; Reykjavik Cohort Study. Fifteen percent of myocardial infarctions and coronary revascularizations explained by family history unrelated to conventional risk factors. The Reykjavik Cohort Study. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1655-1663.
48. Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS. Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2016;8:1-23.
49. Taillefer R. Transient dilation of the left ventricular cavity observed during myocardial perfusion imaging: What is its incremental diagnostic value. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2018;25:593-595.
50. Abidov A, Germano G, Berman DS. Transient ischemic dilation ratio: a universal high-risk diagnostic marker in myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:497-500.
51. Hansen CL, Sangrigoli R, Nkadi E, Kramer M. Comparison of pulmonary uptake with transient cavity dilation after exercise thallium-201 perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1323-1327.
52. Robinson VJ, Corley JH, Marks DS, Eberhardt LW, Eubig C, Burke GJ, Prisant LM. Causes of transient dilatation of the left ventricle during myocardial perfusion imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1349-1352.
53. Kartamihardja AH. Correlation between Transient Ischemic Dilation Index and Endothelin-1 Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. World J Nucl Med 2016;15:109-113.
54. Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Wittlin SD, Filipchuk N, Ratner RE, Inzucchi SE; DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1547-1555.
55. Scholte AJ, Schuijf JD, Kharagjitsingh AV, Dibbets-Schneider P, Stokkel MP, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Prevalence and predictors of an abnormal stress myocardial perfusion study in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:567-575.
56. Mannting F, Zabrodina YV, Dass C. Significance of increased right ventricular uptake on 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT in patients with coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 1999;40:889-894.
2. Kappetein AP, Dawkins KD, Mohr FW, Morice MC, Mack MJ, Russell ME, Pomar J, Serruys PW. Current percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting practices for three-vessel and left main coronary artery disease. Insights from the SYNTAX run-in phase. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006;29:486-491.
3. Mohammad MA, Stone GW, Koul S, Olivecrona GK, Bergman S, Persson J, Engstrøm T, Fröbert O, Jernberg T, Omerovic E, James S, Bergström G, Erlinge D. On the Natural History of Coronary Artery Disease: A Longitudinal Nationwide Serial Angiography Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e026396.
4. Liaquat A, Khan A, Ullah Shah S, Iqbal H, Iqbal S, Rana AI, Ur Rahman H. Evaluating the use of coronary artery calcium scoring as a tool for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk stratification and its association with coronary stenosis and CAD risk factors: a single-centre, retrospective, cross-sectional study at a tertiary centre in Pakistan. BMJ Open 2022;12:e057703.
5. Gudenkauf B, Hays AG, Tamis-Holland J, Trost J, Ambinder DI, Wu KC, Arbab-Zadeh A, Blumenthal RS, Sharma G. Role of Multimodality Imaging in the Assessment of Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: Beyond Conventional Coronary Angiography. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e022787.
6. Hassanzadeh-Makoui R, Jamei M, Hassanzadeh-Makoui M, Khederlou H. Effects of Vitamin D on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2020;18:e103528.
7. Cantoni V, Green R, Acampa W, Assante R, Zampella E, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, Mannarino T, D'Antonio A, Petretta M, Cuocolo A. Prognostic value of myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2022;29:141-154.
8. Bahall M, Seemungal T, Legall G. Risk factors for first-time acute myocardial infarction patients in Trinidad. BMC Public Health 2018;18:161.
9. Medina-Urrutia AX, Martínez-Sánchez FD, Posadas-Romero C, Jorge-Galarza E, Martínez-Alvarado MDR, González-Salazar MDC, Osorio-Alonso H, Juárez-Rojas JG. Metabolic control achievement in a population with premature coronary artery disease: results of the genetics of atherosclerotic disease study. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020;11:2042018820943374.
10. Boschi A, Uccelli L, Marvelli L, Cittanti C, Giganti M, Martini P. Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals for Ideal Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Lost and Found Opportunities. Molecules 2022;27:1188.
11. Yao Y, Quirk T, French M, Dharmalingam A, Collins N. Myocardial perfusion imaging failed to improve patient risk classification compared with the revised cardiac risk index for early cardiac complications after major non-cardiac surgery. Intern Med J 2022;52:1203-1214.
12. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2020;41:407-477.
13. Liu B, Yu W, Zhang F, Shi Y, Yang L, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y. Detecting obstructive coronary artery disease with machine learning: rest-only gated single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging combined with coronary artery calcium score and cardiovascular risk factors. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2023;13:1524-1536.
14. Kaplan Berkaya S, Ak Sivrikoz I, Gunal S. Classification models for SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Comput Biol Med 2020;123:103893.
15. Williams MC, Bednarski BP, Pieszko K, Miller RJH, Kwiecinski J, Shanbhag A, et al. Unsupervised learning to characterize patients with known coronary artery disease undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023;50:2656-2668.
16. Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs DR Jr, Shahar E, Folsom AR. Coronary risk factors and myocardial perfusion in asymptomatic adults: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:565-572.
17. Czernin J, Müller P, Chan S, Brunken RC, Porenta G, Krivokapich J, Chen K, Chan A, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993;88:62-69.
18. Uren NG, Camici PG, Melin JA, Bol A, de Bruyne B, Radvan J, Olivotto I, Rosen SD, Impallomeni M, Wijns W. Effect of aging on myocardial perfusion reserve. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2032-2036.
19. Chareonthaitawee P, Kaufmann PA, Rimoldi O, Camici PG. Heterogeneity of resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow in healthy humans. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50:151-161.
20. Haider A, Bengs S, Portmann A, Rossi A, Ahmed H, Etter D, Warnock GI, Mikail N, Grämer M, Meisel A, Gisler L, Jie C, Keller C, Kozerke S, Weber B, Schibli R, Mu L, Kaufmann PA, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Ametamey SM, Gebhard C. Role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022;49:2209-2218.
21. Orshal JM, Khalil RA. Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004;286:R233-249.
22. Dewey M, Siebes M, Kachelrieß M, Kofoed KF, Maurovich-Horvat P, Nikolaou K, et al. Clinical quantitative cardiac imaging for the assessment of myocardial ischaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:427-450.
23. Malhotra S, Sharma R, Kliner DE, Follansbee WP, Soman P. Relationship between silent myocardial ischemia and coronary artery disease risk factors. J Nucl Cardiol 2013;20:731-738.
24. Goraya TY, Leibson CL, Palumbo PJ, Weston SA, Killian JM, Pfeifer EA, Jacobsen SJ, Frye RL, Roger VL. Coronary atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus: a population-based autopsy study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:946-953.
25. Taskinen MR, Borén J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2015;239:483-495.
26. Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Zieske A, Fowler DR, Weber DK, Varghese PJ, Farb A, Virmani R. Morphologic findings of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in diabetics: a postmortem study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:1266-1271.
27. Stein R, Ferrari F, Scolari F. Genetics, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019;21:68.
28. Kunita Y, Nakajima K, Nakata T, Kudo T, Kinuya S. Prediction of multivessel coronary artery disease and candidates for stress-only imaging using multivariable models with myocardial perfusion imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2022;36:674-683.
29. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015;385:117-171.
30. Lee RT, Kamm RD. Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1289-1295.
31. Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Czarnecka D, Olszanecka A, Klecha A, Kwiecień-Sobstel A, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Pennell DJ, Pasowicz M, Klimeczek P, Banyś RP. Myocardial perfusion in hypertensive patients with normal coronary angiograms. J Hypertens 2008;26:1686-1694.
32. Harrison DG, Marcus ML, Dellsperger KC, Lamping KG, Tomanek RJ. Pathophysiology of myocardial perfusion in hypertension. Circulation 1991;83(5 Suppl):III14-18.
33. Kozàkovà M, Palombo C, Pratali L, Pittella G, Galetta F, L'Abbate A. Mechanisms of coronary flow reserve impairment in human hypertension. An integrated approach by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Hypertension 1997;29:551-519.
34. Camici PG, Crea F. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2007;356:830-840.
35. Hajar R. Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease: Historical Perspectives. Heart Views 2017;18:109-114.
36. Benowitz NL, Burbank AD. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016;26:515-523.
37. Longueira J, Khazan E, Burke F. Nicotine and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Use During Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. Fed Pract 2022;39:23-27.
38. Jalali Z, Khademalhosseini M, Soltani N, Esmaeili Nadimi A. Smoking, alcohol and opioids effect on coronary microcirculation: an update overview. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021;21:185.
39. Khan NA, Lawyer G, McDonough S, Wang Q, Kassem NO, Kas-Petrus F, Ye D, Singh KP, Kassem NO, Rahman I. Systemic biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue injury and repair among waterpipe, cigarette and dual tobacco smokers. Tob Control 2020;29(Suppl 2):s102-s109.
40. Czernin J, Sun K, Brunken R, Böttcher M, Phelps M, Schelbert H. Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1995;91:2891-2897.
41. Campisi R, Czernin J, Schöder H, Sayre JW, Marengo FD, Phelps ME, Schelbert HR. Effects of long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow, coronary vasomotion, and vasodilator capacity. Circulation 1998;98:119-125.
42. Bechlioulis A, Vakalis K, Naka KK, Bourantas CV, Papamichael ND, Kotsia A, Tzimas T, Pappas K, Katsouras CS, Michalis LK. Paradoxical protective effect of central obesity in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21:E314-321.
43. Kim DH, Nam GE, Han K, Kim YH, Park KY, Hwang HS, Han B, Cho SJ, Jung SJ, Yoon YJ, Roh YK, Cho KH, Park YG. Variabilities in Weight and Waist Circumference and Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020;35:933-942.
44. Patlolla SH, Gurumurthy G, Sundaragiri PR, Cheungpasitporn W, Vallabhajosyula S. Body Mass Index and In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021;57:926.
45. Ono M, Kawashima H, Hara H, O'Leary N, Gao C, Wang R, et al. Impact of Body Composition Indices on Ten-year Mortality After Revascularization of Complex Coronary Artery Disease (From the Syntax Extended Survival Trial). Am J Cardiol 2021;151:30-38.
46. Lloyd-Jones DM, Nam BH, D'Agostino RB Sr, Levy D, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, Wilson PW, O'Donnell CJ. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004;291:2204-11.
47. Andresdottir MB, Sigurdsson G, Sigvaldason H, Gudnason V; Reykjavik Cohort Study. Fifteen percent of myocardial infarctions and coronary revascularizations explained by family history unrelated to conventional risk factors. The Reykjavik Cohort Study. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1655-1663.
48. Dai X, Wiernek S, Evans JP, Runge MS. Genetics of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. World J Cardiol 2016;8:1-23.
49. Taillefer R. Transient dilation of the left ventricular cavity observed during myocardial perfusion imaging: What is its incremental diagnostic value. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2018;25:593-595.
50. Abidov A, Germano G, Berman DS. Transient ischemic dilation ratio: a universal high-risk diagnostic marker in myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:497-500.
51. Hansen CL, Sangrigoli R, Nkadi E, Kramer M. Comparison of pulmonary uptake with transient cavity dilation after exercise thallium-201 perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1323-1327.
52. Robinson VJ, Corley JH, Marks DS, Eberhardt LW, Eubig C, Burke GJ, Prisant LM. Causes of transient dilatation of the left ventricle during myocardial perfusion imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1349-1352.
53. Kartamihardja AH. Correlation between Transient Ischemic Dilation Index and Endothelin-1 Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. World J Nucl Med 2016;15:109-113.
54. Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Wittlin SD, Filipchuk N, Ratner RE, Inzucchi SE; DIAD Investigators. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1547-1555.
55. Scholte AJ, Schuijf JD, Kharagjitsingh AV, Dibbets-Schneider P, Stokkel MP, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Prevalence and predictors of an abnormal stress myocardial perfusion study in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:567-575.
56. Mannting F, Zabrodina YV, Dass C. Significance of increased right ventricular uptake on 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT in patients with coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 1999;40:889-894.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 18 No 2 (2023): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v18i2.13323 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Myocardial perfusion imaging Coronary artery disease Risk factor | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khederlou H, Mohammadi A, Tajik M, Kazemshiroodi M. Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and High-risk Features in Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: A Multicenter Study. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2023;18(2):129-135.
