Impact of Yoga beyond Physical Training on the Cardiovascular System: An Updated Review
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a significant health challenge in both developing and developed nations, with unparalleled morbidity, mortality, and economic tolls. Primary prevention of CVD through lifestyle modifications has been emphasized to address this issue. Yoga, an ancient practice dating back thousands of years with roots in the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations, offers a potential solution. Hatha yoga, which includes physical movements and breathing techniques, is the most commonly practiced form today. The health benefits of yoga have recently gained attention and are being researched globally. Yoga is beneficial in both primary and secondary prevention of diseases, particularly CVD and its risk factors.
This review aims to explore the physiology of yoga, recent studies on its effect on the prevention and control of CVD, and the clinical implications of these findings.
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6. Foy AJ, Mandrola JM. Heavy Heart: The Economic Burden of Heart Disease in the United States Now and in the Future. Prim Care 2018;45:17–24.
7. Kumar V. Review of ancient history of yoga. Int J Appl Res 2017:656-8
8. Basavaraddi IV. Yoga: Its Origin, History and Development [Internet]. Available from: https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?25096/Yoga+Its+Origin+History+and+Development (23 Sep 2022).
9. Woodyard C. Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga 2011;4:49–54.
10. Ross A, Thomas S. The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:3-12.
11. Riley K, Park C. How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry. Health Psychol Rev. 2015 Jan 3;9:1–30.
12. West J, Otte C, Geher K, Johnson J, Mohr DC. Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann Behav Med 2004 Oct;28:114-118.
13. Michalsen A, Grossman P, Acil A, Langhorst J, Lüdtke R, Esch T, Stefano GB, Dobos GJ. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Med Sci Monit 2005;11:CR555-561.
14. Khatri D, Mathur KC, Gahlot S, Jain S, Agrawal RP. Effects of yoga and meditation on clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007;78:e9-10.
15. Selvamurthy W, Sridharan K, Ray US, Tiwary RS, Hegde KS, Radhakrishan U, Sinha KC. A new physiological approach to control essential hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;42:205-213.
16. Dunn KD. A review of the literature examining the physiological processes underlying the therapeutic benefits of Hatha yoga. Adv Mind Body Med 2008;23:10-8.
17. Estevao C. The role of yoga in inflammatory markers. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022;20:100421.
18. Csala B, Springinsfeld CM, Köteles F. The Relationship Between Yoga and Spirituality: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research. Front Psychol 2021;12:695939.
19. Yadav R, Yadav RK, Sarvottam K, Netam R. Framingham Risk Score and Estimated 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction by a Short-Term Yoga-Based LifeStyle Intervention. J Altern Complement Med 2017;23:730-737.
20. Antza C, Doundoulakis I, Stabouli S, Kotsis V. American, European and international hypertension guidelines: Time to shake hands? Int J Cardiol Hypertens 2020;8:100075.
21. Dhungana RR, Pedisic Z, Joshi S, Khanal MK, Kalauni OP, Shakya A, Bhurtel V, Panthi S, Ramesh Kumar KC, Ghimire B, Pandey AR, Bista B, Khatiwoda SR, McLachlan CS, Neupane D, de Courten M. Effects of a health worker-led 3-month yoga intervention on blood pressure of hypertensive patients: a randomised controlled multicentre trial in the primary care setting. BMC Public Health 2021;21:550.
22. Penrod NM, Moore JH. Antihypertensive effects of yoga in a general patient population: real-world evidence from electronic health records, a retrospective case-control study. BMC Public Health 2022;22:186.
23. Chauhan A, Semwal DK, Mishra SP, Semwal RB. Yoga Practice Improves the Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Yoga 2017;10:103-106.
24. Haber D. Health promotion to reduce blood pressure level among older blacks. Gerontologist 1986;26:119-121.
25. Khandekar JS, Vasavi VL, Singh VP, Samuel SR, Sudhan SG, Khandelwal B. Effect of Yoga on Blood Pressure in Prehypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal 2021;2021:4039364.
26. Deshpande CS, Rakhshani A, Nagarathna R, Ganpat TS, Kurpad A, Maskar R, Nagendra HR, Sudheer DC, Abbas R, Raghuram N, Anura K, Rita M, Ramarao N. Yoga for high-risk pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013;3:341-344.
27. Karthiga K, Pal GK, Dasari P, Nanda N, Velkumary S, Chinnakali P, Renugasundari M, Harichandrakumar KT. Effects of yoga on cardiometabolic risks and fetomaternal outcomes are associated with serum nitric oxide in gestational hypertension: a randomized control trial. Sci Rep 2022;12:11732.
28. Rakhshani A, Nagarathna R, Mhaskar R, Mhaskar A, Thomas A, Gunasheela S. The effects of yoga in prevention of pregnancy complications in high-risk pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2012 Oct;55:333-340.
29. Wolff M, Rogers K, Erdal B, Chalmers JP, Sundquist K, Midlöv P. Impact of a short home-based yoga programme on blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial in primary care. J Hum Hypertens 2016;30:599-605.
30. Papp ME, Lindfors P, Nygren-Bonnier M, Gullstrand L, Wändell PE. Effects of High-Intensity Hatha Yoga on Cardiovascular Fitness, Adipocytokines, and Apolipoproteins in Healthy Students: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Altern Complement Med 2016;22:81-87.
31. KANNEL WB, DAWBER TR, KAGAN A, REVOTSKIE N, STOKES J 3rd. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease--six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1961;55:33-50.
32. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020;41:111-188.
33. Nagarathna R, Kumar S, Anand A, Acharya IN, Singh AK, Patil SS, Latha RH, Datey P, Nagendra HR. Effectiveness of Yoga Lifestyle on Lipid Metabolism in a Vulnerable Population-A Community Based Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Medicines (Basel) 2021;8:37.
34. Telles S, Sharma SK, Yadav A, Singh N, Balkrishna A. A comparative controlled trial comparing the effects of yoga and walking for overweight and obese adults. Med Sci Monit 2014;20:894-904.
35. Sharma S, Bhardwaj S, Jangir S, Gupta B. Influence of yoga on status of lipid indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2020;40:410–415.
36. Shantakumari N, Sequeira S, El deeb R. Effects of a yoga intervention on lipid profiles of diabetes patients with dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J 2013;65:127-131.
37. Gordon L, McGrowder DA, Pena YT, Cabrera E, Lawrence-Wright M. Effect of exercise therapy on lipid parameters in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. J Lab Physicians 2012;4:17-23.
38. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-1607.
39. Lemieux I, Després JP. Metabolic Syndrome: Past, Present and Future. Nutrients 2020;12:3501.
40. Khan S , Agrawal R , Memon S . Comparison of Effect of Yoga versus Aerobic Exercise on Waist Circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio and Body Mass Index in Overweight and Obese Adult Individuals. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2022;20:38-42.
41. Jakicic JM, Davis KK, Rogers RJ, Sherman SA, Barr S, Marcin ML, Collins KA, Collins AM, Yuan N, Lang W. Feasibility of Integration of Yoga in a Behavioral Weight-Loss Intervention: A Randomized Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021;29:512-520.
42. Unick JL, Dunsiger SI, Bock BC, Sherman SA, Braun TD, Wing RR. A preliminary investigation of yoga as an intervention approach for improving long-term weight loss: A randomized trial. PLoS One 2022;17:e0263405.
43. Pramanik M, Rajkumar NCJ. Yoga as a complementary therapy for obesity prevention in childhood and adolescent obesity: A systematic review. Int J Health Sci 2022;7669-7682.
44. Ross A, Brooks A, Touchton-Leonard K, Wallen G. A Different Weight Loss Experience: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Behavioral, Physical, and Psychosocial Changes Associated with Yoga That Promote Weight Loss. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;2016:2914745.
45. Martín-Timón I, Sevillano-Collantes C, Segura-Galindo A, Del Cañizo-Gómez FJ. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Have all risk factors the same strength? World J Diabetes 2014;5:444-470.
46. Ma CX, Ma XN, Guan CH, Li YD, Mauricio D, Fu SB. Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: progress toward personalized management. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022;21:74.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 2 (2024): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v19i2.16195 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Yoga Cardiovascular diseases; prevention & control Life style Preventive medicine Complementary therapies Primary prevention Secondary prevention | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Verma S, Hatwal J, Batta A. Impact of Yoga beyond Physical Training on the Cardiovascular System: An Updated Review. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2024;19(2):79-88.
