COVID-19 and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Exploring Clinical Factors and Treatment Expenditures
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Abstract
Background: The concurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with COVID-19 can complicate the clinical conditions of patients and affect the patterns of hospital resource utilization. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the direct treatment costs of AMI patients with concurrent COVID-19.
Methods: This cross-sectional study collected and analyzed clinical data, including symptoms, readmission, and interventions, and treatment cost data for all patients at Tehran Heart Center using SPSS26 software. The mean medical costs of patients from January through May 2022 were also calculated.
Results: The COVID-19 group was composed of 72.9% male and 27.1% female patients, whereas the non-COVID-19 group consisted of 67.3% male and 32.7% female patients. Most of the patients in the COVID-19 group (60%) were in the elderly age group (>65 y). The length of stay was 8.70±5.84 days for the COVID-19 group and 6.31±4.42 days for the non-COVID-19 group. The mortality rate in the COVID-19 group was 24%, higher than the 5% rate in the other group. Additionally, the average total treatment costs were $6384.54±$6760.13 in the COVID-19 group and $6362.49±$4343.07 in the non-COVID-19 group (P>0.78 and P>0.050).
Conclusion: The study found that the COVID-19 group had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate than the non-COVID-19 group. During the follow-up period, the incidence of complications (chest pain and heart failure) was higher in the non-COVID-19 group. It also showed that longer hospital stays resulted in higher treatment costs.
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25. Nakhaei K, Jalilian H, Arab-Zozani M, Heydari S, Torkzadeh L, Taji M. Direct and indirect cost of COVID-19 patients in Iran. Health Policy Technol 2021;10:100572.
2. Ganatra S, Dani SS, Shah S, Asnani A, Neilan TG, Lenihan D, Ky B, Barac A, Hayek SS, Leja M, Herrmann J, Thavendiranathan P, Fradley M, Bang V, Shreyder K, Parikh R, Patel R, Singh A, Brar S, Guha A, Gupta D, Mascari P, Patten RD, Venesy DM, Nohria A, Resnic FS. Management of Cardiovascular Disease During Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020;30:315-325.
3. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020;12:6049-6057.
4. Pisano A, Landoni G, Zangrillo A. Protecting High-Risk Cardiac Patients During the COVID-19 Outbreak. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020;34:1698.
5. Lythgoe MP, Middleton P. Ongoing Clinical Trials for the Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020;41:363-382.
6. Shaw P, Senguttuvan NB, Raymond G, Sankar S, Mukherjee AG, Kunale M, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G, Baxi S, Mani RR, Rajagopal M. COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients Hospitalised with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI): A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. COVID 2022;2:138-147.
7. Moslehi S, Shirazi FB. Challenges of providing health services to patients with cardiovascular diseases during disasters in Iran: A qualitative study. J Educ Health Promot 2023;12:25.
8. Ikram M, Sayagh Y. The Consequences of COVID-19 Disruption on Sustainable Economy in the Top 30 High-Tech Innovative Countries. Glob J Flex Syst Manag 2023;24:247-269.
9. Richards F, Kodjamanova P, Chen X, Li N, Atanasov P, Bennetts L, Patterson BJ, Yektashenas B, Mesa-Frias M, Tronczynski K, Buyukkaramikli N, El Khoury AC. Economic Burden of COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2022;14:293-307.
10. Bartsch SM, Ferguson MC, McKinnell JA, O'Shea KJ, Wedlock PT, Siegmund SS, Lee BY. The Potential Health Care Costs And Resource Use Associated With COVID-19 In The United States. Health Aff (Millwood) 2020;39:927-935.
11. Totten V, Simon EL, Jalili M, Sawe HR. Acquiring data in medical research: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries. Afr J Emerg Med 2020;10(Suppl 2):S135-S139.
12. Tassie JM, Malateste K, Pujades-Rodríguez M, Poulet E, Bennett D, Harries A, Mahy M, Schechter M, Souteyrand Y, Dabis F; ART Linc of IeDEA and MSF Collaborations. Evaluation of three sampling methods to monitor outcomes of antiretroviral treatment programmes in low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One 2010;5:e13899.
13. The world Bank. Official exchange rate (LCU per US$ paOerLpU, period average). Available from URL: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF. (28 May, 2021).
14. Chadwick Jayaraj J, Davatyan K, Subramanian SS, Priya J. Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction. In: Burak Pamukçu, ed. Myocardial Infarction. 1st. London: IntechOpen; 2016. p. 9-19.
15. Kim RB, Kim JR, Hwang JY. Epidemiology of myocardial infarction in Korea: hospitalization incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Health 2022;44:e2022057.
16. Elemam NM, Hannawi H, Salmi IA, Naeem KB, Alokaily F, Hannawi S. Diabetes mellitus as a comorbidity in COVID-19 infection in the United Arab Emirates. Saudi Med J 2021;42:170-180.
17. Rees EM, Nightingale ES, Jafari Y, Waterlow NR, Clifford S, B Pearson CA, Group CW, Jombart T, Procter SR, Knight GM. COVID-19 length of hospital stay: a systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Med 2020;18:270.
18. Ohsfeldt RL, Choong CK, Mc Collam PL, Abedtash H, Kelton KA, Burge R. Inpatient Hospital Costs for COVID-19 Patients in the United States. Adv Ther 2021;38:5557-5595.
19. Di Fusco M, Shea KM, Lin J, Nguyen JL, Angulo FJ, Benigno M, Malhotra D, Emir B, Sung AH, Hammond JL, Stoychev S, Charos A. Health outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States. J Med Econ 2021;24:308-317.
20. Ikari Y, Yamada S, Ehara N, Kozuma K, Shinke T, Sugano T, Seike F, Sonoda S, Tazaki J, Tsuji T, Mibiki Y, Muramatsu T, Morita T, Sawano M. The Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics position statement on coronary invasive procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2021;36:139-144.
21. Kiris T, Avci E, Ekin T, Akgün DE, Tiryaki M, Yidirim A, Hazir K, Murat B, Yeni M, Altindag R, Gül S, Arik B, Güzel T, Murat S, Oz A, Karabacak M, Aktas Z, Yildirim T, Kilicaslan B, Ergene AO. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial ınfarction (STEMI) in Turkey: results from TURSER study (TURKISH St-segment elevation myocardial ınfarction registry). J Thromb Thrombolysis 2022;53:321-334.
22. Goel A, Malik AH, Bandyopadhyay D, Isath A, Gupta R, Hajra A, Shrivastav R, Virani SS, Fonarow GC, Lavie CJ, Naidu SS. Impact of COVID-19 on Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized With STEMI: A Nationwide Propensity-matched Analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023;48:101547.
23. Chilazi M, Duffy EY, Thakkar A, Michos ED. COVID and Cardiovascular Disease: What We Know in 2021. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021;23:37.
24. Khan AA, AlRuthia Y, Balkhi B, Alghadeer SM, Temsah MH, Althunayyan SM, Alsofayan YM. Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:7458.
25. Nakhaei K, Jalilian H, Arab-Zozani M, Heydari S, Torkzadeh L, Taji M. Direct and indirect cost of COVID-19 patients in Iran. Health Policy Technol 2021;10:100572.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 2 (2024): J Teh Univ Heart Ctr | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v19i2.16200 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Myocardial infarction COVID-19 Costs and cost analysis Mortality COVID-19 epidemiology | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rajaie S, Rezapour A, Tajdini M, Salehbeygi S, Azari S. COVID-19 and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Exploring Clinical Factors and Treatment Expenditures. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2024;19(2):109-115.
