A systematic review of oxidative stress markers and risk of coronary artery calcification
-
Seyedeh Sahar Nazemi
,
Sara Samadi
,
Sara Rahsepar
,
Batool Zarei
,
Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
,
Farshad Abedi
,
Navid Omidkhoda
,
Majid Sezavar
Abstract
Background: Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis, particularly in subclinical status, can play a remarkable role in reducing mortality and morbidity. According to previous studies, the elevation of oxidative stress markers may affect the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and future cardiovascular diseases (CVD). we focused on the association of oxidative stress markers and CAC to achieve insight into the nature of CAC pathophysiology.
Methods: In October 2022, we systematically searched Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases with no language or time restrictions. We included the eligible human observational studies which have investigated the association of CAC with oxidative stress markers. To appraise the included articles, we used the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS).
Results: Out of 557 records, 42 studies were included in our systematic review. Oxidative stress markers including serum uric acid (UA), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and 8- isoprostane were correlated with the incidence of CAC and its severity.
Conclusions: Indicators of oxidative stress may have a positive correlation with the CAC score. This systematic review would provide clinical evidence for further studies of identifying individuals exposed to enhanced risk of CAC which may assist in early diagnosis of CVD complications and could establish innovative targets for pharmacological therapy.
1. Goldhammer E, Moshe YB, Lubovich A, Rivlin Y, Maor I, Zeina R, et al. Serum endothelin-1, MMP-9, and myeloperoxidase and coronary artery morphology as detected by multi-slice CT angiography in intermediate and high risk asymptomatic subjects. Open Biomarkers J. 2010;3(1):7-12.
2. Drivelegka P, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Angeras O, Bergstrom G, Schmidt C, Jacobsson LTH, et al. Association between serum level of urate and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the SCAPIS Pilot. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2020;22(1).
3. Kiss LZ, Bagyura Z, Csobay-Novak C, Lux A, Polgar L, Jermendy A, et al. Serum Uric Acid Is Independently Associated with Coronary Calcification in an Asymptomatic Population. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 2019;12(3):204-10.
4. Wong ND, Gransar H, Narula J, Shaw L, Moon JH, Miranda-Peats R, et al. Myeloperoxidase, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease Events. Jacc-Cardiovascular Imaging. 2009;2(9):1093-9.
5. Malik R, Aneni EC, Shahrayar S, Freitas WM, Ali SS, Veledar E, et al. Elevated serum uric acid is associated with vascular inflammation but not coronary artery calcification in the healthy octogenarians: the Brazilian study on healthy aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2016;28(2):359-62.
6. Ono M, Takebe N, Oda T, Nakagawa R, Matsui M, Sasai T, et al. Association of coronary artery calcification with MDA-LDL-C/LDL-C and urinary 8-isoprostane in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Intern Med. 2014;53(5):391-6.
7. Atar AI, Yilmaz OC, Akin K, Selcoki Y, Er O, Eryonucu B. Serum uric acid level is an independent risk factor for presence of calcium in coronary arteries: an observational case-controlled study. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 2013;13(2):139-45.
8. Calvo RY, Araneta MR, Kritz-Silverstein D, Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. Relation of serum uric acid to severity and progression of coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal White and Filipino women (from the Rancho Bernardo study). The American journal of cardiology. 2014;113(7):1153-8.
9. Coutinho TD, Turner ST, Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Sheedy PF, Kullo IJ. Associations of serum uric acid with markers of inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. American Journal of Hypertension. 2007;20(1):83-9.
10. Krishnan E, Pandya BJ, Chung L, Dabbous O. Hyperuricemia and the risk for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis - data from a prospective observational cohort study. Arthritis Research and Therapy. 2010;13(2).
11. Santos RD, Nasir K, Orakzai R, Meneghelo RS, Carvalho JA, Blumenthal RS. Relation of uric acid levels to presence of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in men free of symptomatic myocardial ischemia with versus without the metabolic syndrome. The American journal of cardiology. 2007;99(1):42-5.
12. Andrés M, Quintanilla MA, Sivera F, Sánchez-Payá J, Pascual E, Vela P, et al. Silent Monosodium Urate Crystal Deposits Are Associated with Severe Coronary Calcification in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: An Exploratory Study. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2016;68(6):1531-9.
13. Sun Y, Yu X, Zhi Y, Geng S, Li H, Liu T, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between uric acid and coronary atherosclerosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease in China. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14(1).
14. Zhang Z, Bian L, Choi Y. Serum uric acid: A marker of metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in Korean men. Angiology. 2012;63(6):420-8.
15. Lim DH, Lee Y, Park GM, Choi SW, Kim YG, Lee SW, et al. Serum uric acid level and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals: An observational cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2019;288:112-7.
16. Wang H, Jacobs DR, Gaffo AL, Gross MD, Goff DC, Carr JJ. Longitudinal association between serum urate and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. J Intern Med (GBR). 2013;274(6):594-609.
17. Berezin AE, Kremzer AA. Serum uric acid as a marker of coronary calcification in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease with preserved left ventricular pump function. CardiolRes Pract. 2013;1(1).
18. Grossman C, Shemesh J, Koren-Morag N, Bornstein G, Ben-Zvi I, Grossman E. Serum uric acid is associated with coronary artery calcification. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16(6):424-8.
19. Jun JE, Lee YB, Lee SE, Ahn JY, Kim G, Jin SM, et al. Elevated serum uric acid predicts the development of moderate coronary artery calcification independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2018;272:233-9.
20. Kim H, Kim SH, Choi AR, Kim S, Choi HY, Kim HJ, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is independently associated with coronary artery calcification in the absence of overt coronary artery disease: A single-center cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2017;96(14):e6565.
21. Dayan A, Narin B, Biteker M, Aksoy S, Fotbolcu H, Duman D. Coronary calcium score, albuminuria and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients: associations and prognostic implications. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2012;98(1):98-103.
22. Shemesh J, Morag-Koren N, Goldbourt U, Grossman E, Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ, et al. Coronary calcium by spiral computed tomography predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension. 2004;22(3):605-10.
23. Eun Y, Lee SN, Song SW, Kim HN, Kim SH, Lee YA, et al. Fat-to-muscle Ratio: A New Indicator for Coronary Artery Disease in Healthy Adults. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(16):3738-43.
24. Wang B, Hua J, Ma L. Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio can predict coronary artery calcification. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3Part-I):624.
25. Pasheva M, Yotov Y, Nikolova M, Gerova D, Angelov A, Galunska B. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia as a potential metabolic risk factor for coronary artery calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Journal of IMAB–Annual Proceeding Scientific Papers. 2021;27(1):3634-42.
26. Atar AI, Yilmaz OC, Akin K, Selcoki Y, Er O, Eryonucu B. Association between gamma-glutamyltransferase and coronary artery calcification. International journal of cardiology. 2013;167(4):1264-7.
27. Neogi T, Terkeltaub R, Ellison RC, Hunt S, Zhang Y. Serum urate is not associated with coronary artery calcification: The NHLBI Family Heart Study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2011;38(1):111-7.
28. Harada PH, Benseñor IM, Bittencourt MS, Nasir K, Blaha MJ, Jones SR, et al. Composite acute phase glycoproteins with coronary artery calcification depends on metabolic syndrome presence – The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Cardiol. 2019;73(5):408-15.
29. Diederichsen SZ, Grønhøj MH, Mickley H, Gerke O, Steffensen FH, Lambrechtsen J, et al. CT-Detected Growth of Coronary Artery Calcification in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Subjects and Association With 15 Biomarkers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(8):858-66.
30. Larsen TR, Gerke O, Diederichsen ACP, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, Sand NP, et al. The association between uric acid levels and different clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease. Coronary Artery Disease. 2018;29(3):194-203.
31. Bulunmaz M, Demir M, Uysal BB, Erdem S, Polat H, Erguney MH. Comparison of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores with Platelet Volume and Uric Acid Levels in Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Imaging with Computed Tomography. Istanbul Medical Journal. 2015;16(1):5-9.
32. Kwasniewska M, Kostka T, Jegier A, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Leszczynska J, Rebowska E, et al. Regular physical activity and cardiovascular biomarkers in prevention of atherosclerosis in men: a 25-year prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16.
33. Pesaro AE, Katz M, Liberman M, Pereira C, Mangueira CLP, de Carvalho AEZ, et al. Circulating osteogenic proteins are associated with coronary artery calcification and increase after myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8).
34. Ramadan MM, Mahfouz EM, Gomaa GF, El-Diasty TA, Alldawi L, Ikrar T, et al. Evaluation of coronary calcium score by multidetector computed tomography in relation to endothelial function and inflammatory markers in asymptomatic individuals. Circulation Journal. 2008;72(5):778-85.
35. Ehara S, Naruko T, Shirai N, Itoh A, Hai E, Sugama Y, et al. Small coronary calcium deposits and elevated plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are characteristic of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. 2008;15(2):75-81.
36. Vaidya D, Szklo M, Cushman M, Holvoet P, Polak J, Bahrami H, et al. Association of endothelial and oxidative stress with metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;65(7):818-25.
37. Chen LQ, Rohatgi A, Ayers CR, Das SR, Khera A, Berry JD, et al. Race-specific associations of myeloperoxidase with atherosclerosis in a population-based sample: The Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):833-8.
38. Rana JS, Gransar H, Wong ND, Shaw L, Pencina M, Nasir K, et al. Comparative Value of Coronary Artery Calcium and Multiple Blood Biomarkers for Prognostication of Cardiovascular Events. American Journal of Cardiology. 2012;109(10):1449-53.
39. Cho YK, Kang YM, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Yang DH, Kang JW, et al. Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and the progression of coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243(1):300-6.
40. Gang L, Wei-Hua L, Rong A, Jian-Hong Y, Zi-Hua Z, Zhong-Zhi T. Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Levels Predict the Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Angiology. 2015;66(7):667-74.
41. Cho HS, Lee SW, Kim ES, Mo EY, Shin JY, Moon SD, et al. Clinical significance of serum bilirubin and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels on coronary atherosclerosis assessed by multidetector computed tomography. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2015;25(7):677-85.
42. Saremi A, Howell S, Schwenke DC, Bahn G, Beisswenger PJ, Reaven PD. Advanced Glycation End Products, Oxidation Products, and the Extent of Atherosclerosis During the VA Diabetes Trial and Follow-up Study. Diabetes care. 2017;40(4):591-8.
43. Gross M, Steffes M, Jacobs Jr DR, Yu X, Lewis L, Lewis CE, et al. Plasma F2-isoprostanes and coronary artery calcification: The CARDIA study. Clin Chem. 2005;51(1):125-31.
44. Castro-Diehl C, Ehrbar R, Obas V, Oh A, Vasan RS, Xanthakis V. Biomarkers representing key aging-related biological pathways are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and all-cause mortality: The Framingham Study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0251308.
45. Juan CA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(9):4642.
46. Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, Kivlighn S, Kanellis J, Watanabe S, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2003;41(6):1183-90.
47. Nieto FJ, Iribarren C, Gross MD, Comstock GW, Cutler RG. Uric acid and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis. 2000;148(1):131-9.
48. Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, Kang DH, Li P, Nakagawa T, et al. Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2003;41(6):1287-93.
49. Zhang R, Brennan ML, Shen Z, MacPherson JC, Schmitt D, Molenda CE, et al. Myeloperoxidase functions as a major enzymatic catalyst for initiation of lipid peroxidation at sites of inflammation. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2002;277(48):46116-22.
50. Abu-Soud HM, Hazen SL. Nitric oxide is a physiological substrate for mammalian peroxidases. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2000;275(48):37524-32.
51. Scislowski PW, Foster AR, Fuller MF. Regulation of oxidative degradation of L-lysine in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J. 1994;300 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):887-91.
2. Drivelegka P, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Angeras O, Bergstrom G, Schmidt C, Jacobsson LTH, et al. Association between serum level of urate and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the SCAPIS Pilot. Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2020;22(1).
3. Kiss LZ, Bagyura Z, Csobay-Novak C, Lux A, Polgar L, Jermendy A, et al. Serum Uric Acid Is Independently Associated with Coronary Calcification in an Asymptomatic Population. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. 2019;12(3):204-10.
4. Wong ND, Gransar H, Narula J, Shaw L, Moon JH, Miranda-Peats R, et al. Myeloperoxidase, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease Events. Jacc-Cardiovascular Imaging. 2009;2(9):1093-9.
5. Malik R, Aneni EC, Shahrayar S, Freitas WM, Ali SS, Veledar E, et al. Elevated serum uric acid is associated with vascular inflammation but not coronary artery calcification in the healthy octogenarians: the Brazilian study on healthy aging. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2016;28(2):359-62.
6. Ono M, Takebe N, Oda T, Nakagawa R, Matsui M, Sasai T, et al. Association of coronary artery calcification with MDA-LDL-C/LDL-C and urinary 8-isoprostane in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Intern Med. 2014;53(5):391-6.
7. Atar AI, Yilmaz OC, Akin K, Selcoki Y, Er O, Eryonucu B. Serum uric acid level is an independent risk factor for presence of calcium in coronary arteries: an observational case-controlled study. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology. 2013;13(2):139-45.
8. Calvo RY, Araneta MR, Kritz-Silverstein D, Laughlin GA, Barrett-Connor E. Relation of serum uric acid to severity and progression of coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal White and Filipino women (from the Rancho Bernardo study). The American journal of cardiology. 2014;113(7):1153-8.
9. Coutinho TD, Turner ST, Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Sheedy PF, Kullo IJ. Associations of serum uric acid with markers of inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. American Journal of Hypertension. 2007;20(1):83-9.
10. Krishnan E, Pandya BJ, Chung L, Dabbous O. Hyperuricemia and the risk for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis - data from a prospective observational cohort study. Arthritis Research and Therapy. 2010;13(2).
11. Santos RD, Nasir K, Orakzai R, Meneghelo RS, Carvalho JA, Blumenthal RS. Relation of uric acid levels to presence of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in men free of symptomatic myocardial ischemia with versus without the metabolic syndrome. The American journal of cardiology. 2007;99(1):42-5.
12. Andrés M, Quintanilla MA, Sivera F, Sánchez-Payá J, Pascual E, Vela P, et al. Silent Monosodium Urate Crystal Deposits Are Associated with Severe Coronary Calcification in Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: An Exploratory Study. Arthritis and Rheumatology. 2016;68(6):1531-9.
13. Sun Y, Yu X, Zhi Y, Geng S, Li H, Liu T, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between uric acid and coronary atherosclerosis in patients with suspected coronary artery disease in China. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14(1).
14. Zhang Z, Bian L, Choi Y. Serum uric acid: A marker of metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in Korean men. Angiology. 2012;63(6):420-8.
15. Lim DH, Lee Y, Park GM, Choi SW, Kim YG, Lee SW, et al. Serum uric acid level and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals: An observational cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2019;288:112-7.
16. Wang H, Jacobs DR, Gaffo AL, Gross MD, Goff DC, Carr JJ. Longitudinal association between serum urate and subclinical atherosclerosis: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. J Intern Med (GBR). 2013;274(6):594-609.
17. Berezin AE, Kremzer AA. Serum uric acid as a marker of coronary calcification in patients with asymptomatic coronary artery disease with preserved left ventricular pump function. CardiolRes Pract. 2013;1(1).
18. Grossman C, Shemesh J, Koren-Morag N, Bornstein G, Ben-Zvi I, Grossman E. Serum uric acid is associated with coronary artery calcification. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16(6):424-8.
19. Jun JE, Lee YB, Lee SE, Ahn JY, Kim G, Jin SM, et al. Elevated serum uric acid predicts the development of moderate coronary artery calcification independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2018;272:233-9.
20. Kim H, Kim SH, Choi AR, Kim S, Choi HY, Kim HJ, et al. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is independently associated with coronary artery calcification in the absence of overt coronary artery disease: A single-center cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2017;96(14):e6565.
21. Dayan A, Narin B, Biteker M, Aksoy S, Fotbolcu H, Duman D. Coronary calcium score, albuminuria and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients: associations and prognostic implications. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2012;98(1):98-103.
22. Shemesh J, Morag-Koren N, Goldbourt U, Grossman E, Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ, et al. Coronary calcium by spiral computed tomography predicts cardiovascular events in high-risk hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension. 2004;22(3):605-10.
23. Eun Y, Lee SN, Song SW, Kim HN, Kim SH, Lee YA, et al. Fat-to-muscle Ratio: A New Indicator for Coronary Artery Disease in Healthy Adults. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(16):3738-43.
24. Wang B, Hua J, Ma L. Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Ratio can predict coronary artery calcification. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(3Part-I):624.
25. Pasheva M, Yotov Y, Nikolova M, Gerova D, Angelov A, Galunska B. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia as a potential metabolic risk factor for coronary artery calcification in patients with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Journal of IMAB–Annual Proceeding Scientific Papers. 2021;27(1):3634-42.
26. Atar AI, Yilmaz OC, Akin K, Selcoki Y, Er O, Eryonucu B. Association between gamma-glutamyltransferase and coronary artery calcification. International journal of cardiology. 2013;167(4):1264-7.
27. Neogi T, Terkeltaub R, Ellison RC, Hunt S, Zhang Y. Serum urate is not associated with coronary artery calcification: The NHLBI Family Heart Study. Journal of Rheumatology. 2011;38(1):111-7.
28. Harada PH, Benseñor IM, Bittencourt MS, Nasir K, Blaha MJ, Jones SR, et al. Composite acute phase glycoproteins with coronary artery calcification depends on metabolic syndrome presence – The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). J Cardiol. 2019;73(5):408-15.
29. Diederichsen SZ, Grønhøj MH, Mickley H, Gerke O, Steffensen FH, Lambrechtsen J, et al. CT-Detected Growth of Coronary Artery Calcification in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Subjects and Association With 15 Biomarkers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(8):858-66.
30. Larsen TR, Gerke O, Diederichsen ACP, Lambrechtsen J, Steffensen FH, Sand NP, et al. The association between uric acid levels and different clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease. Coronary Artery Disease. 2018;29(3):194-203.
31. Bulunmaz M, Demir M, Uysal BB, Erdem S, Polat H, Erguney MH. Comparison of Coronary Artery Calcium Scores with Platelet Volume and Uric Acid Levels in Patients Who Underwent Coronary Artery Imaging with Computed Tomography. Istanbul Medical Journal. 2015;16(1):5-9.
32. Kwasniewska M, Kostka T, Jegier A, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Leszczynska J, Rebowska E, et al. Regular physical activity and cardiovascular biomarkers in prevention of atherosclerosis in men: a 25-year prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16.
33. Pesaro AE, Katz M, Liberman M, Pereira C, Mangueira CLP, de Carvalho AEZ, et al. Circulating osteogenic proteins are associated with coronary artery calcification and increase after myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8).
34. Ramadan MM, Mahfouz EM, Gomaa GF, El-Diasty TA, Alldawi L, Ikrar T, et al. Evaluation of coronary calcium score by multidetector computed tomography in relation to endothelial function and inflammatory markers in asymptomatic individuals. Circulation Journal. 2008;72(5):778-85.
35. Ehara S, Naruko T, Shirai N, Itoh A, Hai E, Sugama Y, et al. Small coronary calcium deposits and elevated plasma levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein are characteristic of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. 2008;15(2):75-81.
36. Vaidya D, Szklo M, Cushman M, Holvoet P, Polak J, Bahrami H, et al. Association of endothelial and oxidative stress with metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2011;65(7):818-25.
37. Chen LQ, Rohatgi A, Ayers CR, Das SR, Khera A, Berry JD, et al. Race-specific associations of myeloperoxidase with atherosclerosis in a population-based sample: The Dallas Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):833-8.
38. Rana JS, Gransar H, Wong ND, Shaw L, Pencina M, Nasir K, et al. Comparative Value of Coronary Artery Calcium and Multiple Blood Biomarkers for Prognostication of Cardiovascular Events. American Journal of Cardiology. 2012;109(10):1449-53.
39. Cho YK, Kang YM, Hwang JY, Kim EH, Yang DH, Kang JW, et al. Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and the progression of coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243(1):300-6.
40. Gang L, Wei-Hua L, Rong A, Jian-Hong Y, Zi-Hua Z, Zhong-Zhi T. Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Levels Predict the Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Angiology. 2015;66(7):667-74.
41. Cho HS, Lee SW, Kim ES, Mo EY, Shin JY, Moon SD, et al. Clinical significance of serum bilirubin and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels on coronary atherosclerosis assessed by multidetector computed tomography. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2015;25(7):677-85.
42. Saremi A, Howell S, Schwenke DC, Bahn G, Beisswenger PJ, Reaven PD. Advanced Glycation End Products, Oxidation Products, and the Extent of Atherosclerosis During the VA Diabetes Trial and Follow-up Study. Diabetes care. 2017;40(4):591-8.
43. Gross M, Steffes M, Jacobs Jr DR, Yu X, Lewis L, Lewis CE, et al. Plasma F2-isoprostanes and coronary artery calcification: The CARDIA study. Clin Chem. 2005;51(1):125-31.
44. Castro-Diehl C, Ehrbar R, Obas V, Oh A, Vasan RS, Xanthakis V. Biomarkers representing key aging-related biological pathways are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and all-cause mortality: The Framingham Study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0251308.
45. Juan CA, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(9):4642.
46. Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, Kivlighn S, Kanellis J, Watanabe S, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2003;41(6):1183-90.
47. Nieto FJ, Iribarren C, Gross MD, Comstock GW, Cutler RG. Uric acid and serum antioxidant capacity: a reaction to atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis. 2000;148(1):131-9.
48. Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, Kang DH, Li P, Nakagawa T, et al. Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2003;41(6):1287-93.
49. Zhang R, Brennan ML, Shen Z, MacPherson JC, Schmitt D, Molenda CE, et al. Myeloperoxidase functions as a major enzymatic catalyst for initiation of lipid peroxidation at sites of inflammation. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2002;277(48):46116-22.
50. Abu-Soud HM, Hazen SL. Nitric oxide is a physiological substrate for mammalian peroxidases. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2000;275(48):37524-32.
51. Scislowski PW, Foster AR, Fuller MF. Regulation of oxidative degradation of L-lysine in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J. 1994;300 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):887-91.
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How to Cite
1.
Nazemi SS, Samadi S, Rahsepar S, Zarei B, Mohammadpour AH, Abedi F, Omidkhoda N, Sezavar M. A systematic review of oxidative stress markers and risk of coronary artery calcification. J Tehran Heart Cent. 2024;.
