Ankle-Brachial Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Hypertension: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Objectives: Hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple, noninvasive test usually used for peripheral artery disease detection, but its prognostic value in hypertensive patients is still poorly defined. In this study, we sought to systematically review the relationship between abnormal ABI values and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in adults with hypertension.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 2025 for observational studies evaluating ABI in hypertensive populations. Studies were included if they stratified outcomes by ABI categories and reported at least one cardiovascular or cerebrovascular outcome. Data on study design, population characteristics, measurement and cutoff values of ABI, outcomes, duration of follow-up, and adjustment for confounding variables were extracted. Study quality was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
Results: Twenty-two studies from varied geographic and clinical populations were eligible. Both low ABI (≤0.9) and high ABI (>1.4) were consistently associated with elevated risks of myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, independent of conventional risk factors. Low ABI was also associated with subclinical target organ damage, such as left ventricular hypertrophy and silent brain infarct. Some studies have indicated that modified cutoffs (<1.05 or ≤1.10) help to detect risk in some populations, such as older and Asian cohorts. Measurement techniques and ABI cutoffs differed, reducing comparability.
Conclusion: Abnormal ABI is independently associated with increased risks of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension. Standardized protocols for ABI measurement and cutoff points are required to maximize its utility in risk stratification. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether ABI-guided interventions can improve outcomes.
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3. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-23.
4. Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, Margolis KL, Tavel HM, O'Connor PJ, Selby JV, Ho PM. Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Versus β-Blockers as Second-Line Therapy for Hypertension. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2010;3(5):453-8.
5. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Kjeldsen S, Kolloch R, et al. Effects of individual risk factors on the incidence of cardiovascular events in the treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study. Journal of Hypertension. 2001;19(6):1149-59.
6. Lieb W, Enserro DM, Sullivan LM, Vasan RS. Residual Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals on Blood Pressure–Lowering Treatment. Journal of the American Heart Association.4(11):e002155.
7. Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle–brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2005;25(7):1463-9.
8. Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS, Aboyans V, et al. The ankle-brachial index and incident cardiovascular events in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;56(18):1506-12.
9. Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham study*. American Journal of Hypertension. 2000;13(S1):3S-10S.
10. Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Lackner K, Savvidis S, Messow CM, et al. Different calculations of ankle-brachial index and their impact on cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation. 2008;118(9):961-7.
11. Dorn A, Dorweiler B, Ahmad W, Mylonas S, Becker I, Majd P. Low and High Ankle-Brachial Index Are Both Associated with Mortality in German Nursing Home Residents—The Five-Year Follow-Up of the “Allo-Study” Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(13):4411.
12. Gerhard-Herman M, Gornik H, Barrett C, Barshes N, Corriere M, Drachman D. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12):e726-e79.
13. Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, Devereux RB, Jones KL, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;109(6):733-9.
14. Collaboration ABI. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2008;300(2):197.
15. Berkovitch A, Iakobishvili Z, Fuchs S, Atar S, Braver O, Eisen A, et al. Peripheral artery disease, abnormal ankle-brachial index, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;Volume 9 - 2022.
16. Farkas K, Kolossváry E, Járai Z, Paksy A, Kiss I. LOW ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX DOUBLES THE MORTALITY OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS. RESULTS OF THE HUNGARIAN ERV SCREENING PROGRAM. Journal of Hypertension. 2019;37:e10.
17. Shlomai G, Grassi G, Grossman E, Mancia G. Assessment of Target Organ Damage in the Evaluation and Follow-Up of Hypertensive Patients: Where Do We Stand? The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2013;15(10):742-7.
18. Velescu A, Clara A, Martí R, Ramos R, Perez-Fernandez S, Marcos L, et al. Abnormally High Ankle–Brachial Index is Associated with All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: The REGICOR Study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2017;54(3):370-7.
19. Tosun V, Güntekin Ü, Şimşek H, Kandemir YB. Aortic-flow propagation velocity is associated with proteinuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Echocardiography. 2019;36(2):328-35.
20. Korhonen PE, Vesalainen RK, Aarnio PT, Saaresranta T, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Kantola IM. The assessment of total cardiovascular risk in hypertensive subjects in primary care. Annals of Medicine. 2010;42(3):187-95.
21. Korhonen PE, Syvänen KT, Vesalainen RK, Kantola IM, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Aarnio PT. Ankle-brachial index is lower in hypertensive than in normotensive individuals in a cardiovascular risk population. Journal of Hypertension. 2009;27(10):2036-43.
22. Armas-Padrón AM, Sicilia-Sosvilla M, Rodríguez-Bello S, López-Carmona MD, Ruiz-Esteban P, Hernández D. Abnormal ankle-brachial index, cardiovascular risk factors and healthy lifestyle factors in hypertensive patients: prospective cohort study from a primary care urban population. BMC Primary Care. 2022;23(1).
23. Jiménez-Balado J, Riba-Llena I, Nafría C, Pizarro J, Rodríguez-Luna D, Maisterra O, et al. Silent brain infarcts, peripheral vascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 2022;40(8):1469-77.
24. Shi Y, Hu L, Li M, Ding C, Zhou W, Wang T, et al. The ankle–brachial index and risk of incident stroke in Chinese hypertensive population without atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021;23(1):114-21.
25. Zhou W, Shi Y, Yu C, Wang T, Zhu L, Bao H, Cheng X. L-shaped association between ankle-brachial index and coronary heart disease in Chinese adults with hypertension. European journal of medical research. 2025;30(1):73.
26. Luo YY, Li J, Xin Y, Zheng LQ, Yu JM, Hu DY. Risk factors of peripheral arterial disease and relationship between low ankle brachial index and mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2007;21(6):461-6.
27. Myslinski W, Stanek A, Feldo M, Mosiewicz J. Ankle-Brachial Index as the Best Predictor of First Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Treated Systemic Hypertension. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020.
28. Kario K, Hoshide S, Kabutoya T, Nishizawa M, Yamagiwa K, Kawashima A, et al. Impact of vascular biomarkers and supine hypertension on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients: first results from the Cardiovascular Prognostic COUPLING Study in Japan. Hypertension Research. 2025;48(2):693-701.
29. de Albuquerque PF, de Albuquerque PHO, de Albuquerque GO, Servantes DM, de Carvalho SM, Filho JAO. Ankle-brachial index and ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2012;98(1):84-6.
30. Gómez-Marcos MA, González-Elena LJ, Recio-Rodríguez JI, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Magallón-Botaya R, Muñoz-Moreno MF, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in hypertensive patients with tests recommended by the European Guidelines on Hypertension. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2012;19(3):515-22.
31. Mulia EPB, Yuwono K, Budiarto RM. Are hypertensive patients with history of coronary artery disease at risk for silent lower extremity artery disease? Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2022;33(5):607-10.
32. Monteiro R, Marto R, Neves MF. Risk factors related to low ankle-brachial index measured by traditional and modified definition in hypertensive elderly patients. International Journal of Hypertension. 2012;2012.
33. Farkas K, Kolossváry E, Ferenci T, Paksy A, Kiss I, Járai Z. Ankle Brachial Index is a strong predictor of mortality in hypertensive patients: results of a five-year follow-up study. International Angiology. 2022;41(6):517-24.
34. Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, Beiser A, DeCarli C, Mitchell GF, Seshadri S. Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis in the Community. Hypertension. 2022;79(3):505-15.
35. Sun J, Wang S, Li M, Su Y, Ma S, Zhang Y, et al. The high normal ankle brachial index is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension patients among the Han Chinese. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021;23(9):1758-66.
36. Peng M, Wu Y, Jin Y. Correlations of GGT, Hcy and ABI with carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension patients. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2023;69(15):79-83.
37. Tao S, Yu L, Yang D, Huang L, Li J. Association of endothelial function and limb artery indices with coronary artery stenosis severity in patients with hypertension. Annals of Medicine. 2024;56(1).
38. Ramírez-Torres JM, López-Téllez A, Ariza MJ, Rioja J, García-Casares N, Rodríguez EEG, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis burden in non-diabetic hypertensives treated in primary care center: the IMTABI study. BMC Primary Care. 2023;24(1).
39. Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhé HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, et al. Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: Five-year follow-up of the hoorn study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19(3):617-24.
40. Morillas P, Cordero A, Bertomeu V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Quiles J, Guindo J, et al. Prognostic value of low ankle-brachial index in patients with hypertension and acute coronary syndromes. Journal of Hypertension. 2009;27(2):341-7.
41. Peng M, Wu Y, Jin Y. Correlations of GGT, Hcy and ABI with carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension patients. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2023;69(15):79-83.
42. Gornik Heather L, Aronow Herbert D, Goodney Philip P, Arya S, Brewster Luke P, Byrd L, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. JACC. 2024;83(24):2497-604.
43. Nordanstig J, Behrendt C-A, Baumgartner I, Belch J, Bäck M, Fitridge R, et al. Editor's Choice -- European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2024 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Asymptomatic Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intermittent Claudication☆. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2024;67(1):9-96.
2. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2020;16(4):223-37.
3. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. The lancet. 2005;365(9455):217-23.
4. Magid DJ, Shetterly SM, Margolis KL, Tavel HM, O'Connor PJ, Selby JV, Ho PM. Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Versus β-Blockers as Second-Line Therapy for Hypertension. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2010;3(5):453-8.
5. Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Kjeldsen S, Kolloch R, et al. Effects of individual risk factors on the incidence of cardiovascular events in the treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study. Journal of Hypertension. 2001;19(6):1149-59.
6. Lieb W, Enserro DM, Sullivan LM, Vasan RS. Residual Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals on Blood Pressure–Lowering Treatment. Journal of the American Heart Association.4(11):e002155.
7. Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle–brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2005;25(7):1463-9.
8. Criqui MH, McClelland RL, McDermott MM, Allison MA, Blumenthal RS, Aboyans V, et al. The ankle-brachial index and incident cardiovascular events in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010;56(18):1506-12.
9. Kannel WB. Risk stratification in hypertension: new insights from the Framingham study*. American Journal of Hypertension. 2000;13(S1):3S-10S.
10. Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Lackner K, Savvidis S, Messow CM, et al. Different calculations of ankle-brachial index and their impact on cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation. 2008;118(9):961-7.
11. Dorn A, Dorweiler B, Ahmad W, Mylonas S, Becker I, Majd P. Low and High Ankle-Brachial Index Are Both Associated with Mortality in German Nursing Home Residents—The Five-Year Follow-Up of the “Allo-Study” Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(13):4411.
12. Gerhard-Herman M, Gornik H, Barrett C, Barshes N, Corriere M, Drachman D. ACC/AHA Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12):e726-e79.
13. Resnick HE, Lindsay RS, McDermott MM, Devereux RB, Jones KL, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV. Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;109(6):733-9.
14. Collaboration ABI. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. 2008;300(2):197.
15. Berkovitch A, Iakobishvili Z, Fuchs S, Atar S, Braver O, Eisen A, et al. Peripheral artery disease, abnormal ankle-brachial index, and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2022;Volume 9 - 2022.
16. Farkas K, Kolossváry E, Járai Z, Paksy A, Kiss I. LOW ANKLE-BRACHIAL INDEX DOUBLES THE MORTALITY OF HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS. RESULTS OF THE HUNGARIAN ERV SCREENING PROGRAM. Journal of Hypertension. 2019;37:e10.
17. Shlomai G, Grassi G, Grossman E, Mancia G. Assessment of Target Organ Damage in the Evaluation and Follow-Up of Hypertensive Patients: Where Do We Stand? The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2013;15(10):742-7.
18. Velescu A, Clara A, Martí R, Ramos R, Perez-Fernandez S, Marcos L, et al. Abnormally High Ankle–Brachial Index is Associated with All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: The REGICOR Study. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2017;54(3):370-7.
19. Tosun V, Güntekin Ü, Şimşek H, Kandemir YB. Aortic-flow propagation velocity is associated with proteinuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Echocardiography. 2019;36(2):328-35.
20. Korhonen PE, Vesalainen RK, Aarnio PT, Saaresranta T, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Kantola IM. The assessment of total cardiovascular risk in hypertensive subjects in primary care. Annals of Medicine. 2010;42(3):187-95.
21. Korhonen PE, Syvänen KT, Vesalainen RK, Kantola IM, Kautiainen H, Järvenpää S, Aarnio PT. Ankle-brachial index is lower in hypertensive than in normotensive individuals in a cardiovascular risk population. Journal of Hypertension. 2009;27(10):2036-43.
22. Armas-Padrón AM, Sicilia-Sosvilla M, Rodríguez-Bello S, López-Carmona MD, Ruiz-Esteban P, Hernández D. Abnormal ankle-brachial index, cardiovascular risk factors and healthy lifestyle factors in hypertensive patients: prospective cohort study from a primary care urban population. BMC Primary Care. 2022;23(1).
23. Jiménez-Balado J, Riba-Llena I, Nafría C, Pizarro J, Rodríguez-Luna D, Maisterra O, et al. Silent brain infarcts, peripheral vascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 2022;40(8):1469-77.
24. Shi Y, Hu L, Li M, Ding C, Zhou W, Wang T, et al. The ankle–brachial index and risk of incident stroke in Chinese hypertensive population without atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021;23(1):114-21.
25. Zhou W, Shi Y, Yu C, Wang T, Zhu L, Bao H, Cheng X. L-shaped association between ankle-brachial index and coronary heart disease in Chinese adults with hypertension. European journal of medical research. 2025;30(1):73.
26. Luo YY, Li J, Xin Y, Zheng LQ, Yu JM, Hu DY. Risk factors of peripheral arterial disease and relationship between low ankle brachial index and mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2007;21(6):461-6.
27. Myslinski W, Stanek A, Feldo M, Mosiewicz J. Ankle-Brachial Index as the Best Predictor of First Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients with Treated Systemic Hypertension. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020.
28. Kario K, Hoshide S, Kabutoya T, Nishizawa M, Yamagiwa K, Kawashima A, et al. Impact of vascular biomarkers and supine hypertension on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients: first results from the Cardiovascular Prognostic COUPLING Study in Japan. Hypertension Research. 2025;48(2):693-701.
29. de Albuquerque PF, de Albuquerque PHO, de Albuquerque GO, Servantes DM, de Carvalho SM, Filho JAO. Ankle-brachial index and ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2012;98(1):84-6.
30. Gómez-Marcos MA, González-Elena LJ, Recio-Rodríguez JI, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Magallón-Botaya R, Muñoz-Moreno MF, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in hypertensive patients with tests recommended by the European Guidelines on Hypertension. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2012;19(3):515-22.
31. Mulia EPB, Yuwono K, Budiarto RM. Are hypertensive patients with history of coronary artery disease at risk for silent lower extremity artery disease? Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2022;33(5):607-10.
32. Monteiro R, Marto R, Neves MF. Risk factors related to low ankle-brachial index measured by traditional and modified definition in hypertensive elderly patients. International Journal of Hypertension. 2012;2012.
33. Farkas K, Kolossváry E, Ferenci T, Paksy A, Kiss I, Járai Z. Ankle Brachial Index is a strong predictor of mortality in hypertensive patients: results of a five-year follow-up study. International Angiology. 2022;41(6):517-24.
34. Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, Beiser A, DeCarli C, Mitchell GF, Seshadri S. Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis in the Community. Hypertension. 2022;79(3):505-15.
35. Sun J, Wang S, Li M, Su Y, Ma S, Zhang Y, et al. The high normal ankle brachial index is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension patients among the Han Chinese. Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2021;23(9):1758-66.
36. Peng M, Wu Y, Jin Y. Correlations of GGT, Hcy and ABI with carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension patients. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2023;69(15):79-83.
37. Tao S, Yu L, Yang D, Huang L, Li J. Association of endothelial function and limb artery indices with coronary artery stenosis severity in patients with hypertension. Annals of Medicine. 2024;56(1).
38. Ramírez-Torres JM, López-Téllez A, Ariza MJ, Rioja J, García-Casares N, Rodríguez EEG, et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis burden in non-diabetic hypertensives treated in primary care center: the IMTABI study. BMC Primary Care. 2023;24(1).
39. Jager A, Kostense PJ, Ruhé HG, Heine RJ, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, et al. Microalbuminuria and peripheral arterial disease are independent predictors of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially among hypertensive subjects: Five-year follow-up of the hoorn study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1999;19(3):617-24.
40. Morillas P, Cordero A, Bertomeu V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Quiles J, Guindo J, et al. Prognostic value of low ankle-brachial index in patients with hypertension and acute coronary syndromes. Journal of Hypertension. 2009;27(2):341-7.
41. Peng M, Wu Y, Jin Y. Correlations of GGT, Hcy and ABI with carotid atherosclerosis in essential hypertension patients. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2023;69(15):79-83.
42. Gornik Heather L, Aronow Herbert D, Goodney Philip P, Arya S, Brewster Luke P, Byrd L, et al. 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. JACC. 2024;83(24):2497-604.
43. Nordanstig J, Behrendt C-A, Baumgartner I, Belch J, Bäck M, Fitridge R, et al. Editor's Choice -- European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2024 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Asymptomatic Lower Limb Peripheral Arterial Disease and Intermittent Claudication☆. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2024;67(1):9-96.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 21 No 1 (2026) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v21i1.21284 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Hypertension Ankle–Brachial Index (ABI) Cardiovascular Risk Cerebrovascular Events Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) Stroke Myocardial Infarction | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Borooghani H, Orangi K, bagher zadi P, Asefi H, Arabi M. Ankle-Brachial Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Res Heart Yield Transl Med. 2026;21(1):71-84.
